Chapter 12: Prejudice & Stereotyping
What does "outgroup" refer to?
"them", a group that ppl perceive as distinctively different or apart from their ingroup.
What does "ingroup" refer to?
"us", a group of ppl who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.
What is subtyping?
Accomodating groups of individuals who deviate from ones stereotype by thinking of them as a special category of people with different properties.
This illustrates our dual attitude system, we can have differing explicit (conscious) and implicit (automatic) attitudes towards the same target, this is..?
Automatic prejudice.
What is the basic idea behind the scapegoat theory of prejudice?
Displaced aggression can lead to prejudiced acts of violence.
This is a set of behaviour expectations (norms) for males and females...
Gender role
What is sexism?
Individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward ppl of a given sex, or institutional practices that subordinate ppl of a given sex
What is an example of a minimal group paradigm?
Jean Elliot's eye colour demonstration, ppl latching onto being split into a group over arbitrary features
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect ?
Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members.
What is the terror management relation to need for status, self-regard and belonging?
Ppl favouring own race when death is reminded, but can also lead to communal feelings such as together-ness and altruism
This is the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce...?
Realistic group conflict theory
This is a motivation to have ones group be dominant over other social groups...?
Social dominance orientation (high status, dominant position promotes orientation)
This is a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people, they can be overgeneralized, inaccurate and resistant to new info..?
Stereotype
What is social identity? (also involves the social identity theory of prejudice)
The "we" aspect of our self concept, the part of our answer to "who am i" that comes from our group. We catagorize, we identify, we compare. Theory involves the feeling of being superior to others.
What have studies in gender discrimination shown in the past?
Women were prejudiced against other women.
Do stereotypes bias judgments of individuals?
Yes, but ppl often evaluate individuals more positively than the groups they compose.
What does stereotype threat refer to?
a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects.
What does illusory correlations refer to?
a false impression that two variables correlate. Our pre-existing stereotypes can lead us to "see" correlations that aren't there.
This is the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race...
own-race bias.
What is the connection between self-image and prejudice?
affirm ppl and they will evaluate an ougroup more positively, threaten their self-esteem and they will restore it by denigrating an outgroup.
What does ethnocentric mean?
believing in the superiority of ones own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
subtypes are ________ to the group, subgroups are acknowledged as a _____ of the overall group.
exception, part
What is the group serving bias?
explaining away outgroup members positive behaviours; also attributing negative behaviours to their dispositions.
Sometimes people follow prejudice not for the need to hate, but for the need to be liked and accepted, this follows what idea?
idea of conformity when prejudice is socially accepted
What is ingroup bias, and what factors make one more prone to the bias?
ingroup bias is the tendency to favour one's own group, more prone when group is small and lower in status relative to the outgroup.
This is the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get is....
just world phenomenon.
What are the other terms for subtle prejudice?
modern racism or cultural racism.
What is prejudice?
negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members
When do subtle forms of prejudice surface?
prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour surface when ppl can hide behind the screen of some other motive.
An individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward ppl of a given race or institutional practices that subordinate ppl of a given race, is....?
racism
Authoritarianism appears more related to concern with ________, whereas social dominance appears more related to ones _________.
security and control, group status
This involves accomodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group, is....
subgrouping
In terms of social inequality, what does prejudice help justify?
the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power.
In simple terms, why are stereotypes inaccurate?
they dont describe all members of a group.
What is discrimination?
unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members.
What idea does distinctive people refer to?
when someone in a group is made salient, we tend to see that person as causing whatever happens.
