Chapter 12 Questions

Name at least three reforms Napoleon brought to France.

Strengthening the central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime

Describe the causes of the Glorious Revolution.

The Glorious Revolution (1688-89) in England stemmed from religious and political conflicts.

How did America and France react differently to the role of religion in the state?

America reacted more with a freedom aspect where everyone deserved to believe what they chose while France did not

What is one reason the arts might have flourished during this period of Spanish history?

Arts flourished during the Renaissance because wealthy families and the Church became patrons of artists, commissioning expensive and beautiful works of art

How did Richelieu's treatment of the nobles and the Huguenots strengthen the monarchy?

By taking away the Huguenots' Fortifications, he lessened the chances they could defy the king; by relying on middle class officials, he made the king more independent of nobles.

At first some Europeans welcomed Napoleon in their countries. Why did they eventually turn against him?

At first, they welcomed the ideas of the French Revolution, but grew to see Napoleon and his armies as foreign oppressors

What were the major outcomes of the Congress of Vienna?

Balance of power and peaceful diplomacy for almost a decade

Which regions in the Holy Roman Empire were mainly Catholic?

Bohemia, Austria, Neth, Switz, Milan, and Bavaria

What might have motivated Maria Theresa to reform tax policies?

Both that the Roman Catholic Church in Austria was no longer maintaining public morality properly and that certain changes in the 18th-century economy required that Austria provide a better-educated workforce

What role did religion play in the policies of Charles V?

Charles V was Catholic so he wanted everyone else to be as well and there was so much conflict he eventually had to let them choose their religion.

What happened in Ireland during the Commonwealth period, and why?

Cromwell's brutal subjugation of the Irish, which continued the policies of the Tudor and Stuart periods.

Describe the differences between the Tories and the Whigs.

Early activists in the colonies called themselves Whigs, seeing themselves as in alliance with the political opposition in Britain. In contrast, the American Loyalists, who supported the monarchy, were Tories.

Explain why the philosophes criticized rococo art.

Enlightenment thinkers condemned Rococo art for being immoral and indecent, and called for a new kind of art that would be moral instead of immoral, and teach people right and wrong

What started the Thirty Years' War?

Ferdinand gained support of catholic states and tried to roll back the Reformation by force

What was the result of Robespierre's desire to achieve a "republic of virtue"?

He attempted to created a secular version of what Cromwell attempted in England

In what ways was Philip II an absolute monarch?

He fought many battles, defended the Catholic faith against Protestant Reformation, and he expanded the empire.

How did Frederick William I gain the loyalty of the Prussian nobles? Can you think of two other methods that absolutist rulers have used to control their nobility? Which were most successful? Why?

He gave them positions in the army and in the government. One is giving a lot back to everyone and another is cruelty. Both seem fairly successful but cruel a bit more because people are just so scared.

How did Henry IV end religious conflict?

He issued the Edict of Nantes.

What made young Napoleon a popular figure in France?

He rose very quickly in the army, he then also won multiple victories and sorts against Austrians

What did Peter the Great do to modernize Russia?

He used a lot of cruelty and brute force but also for remaking Russia

How did Napoleon build his image as a military leader in France?

He won many many victories against Austrians, he also is the worst disaster from the political leaders in France

What do you think Henry IV meant when he said, "Paris is well worth a Mass"?

Henry IV meant that he would get any religion so that he would be able to ascend to the throne of France and be the ruler of Paris

Success in science convinced many educated Europeans of the power of human reason. How did an emphasis on human reason lead to developments in other areas of life?

It was very easy to think of new ideas and inventions and sort when you are focused on human reason.

How did foreign conflict play a role in Charles V's abdication of the throne?

It eventually caused him over time to give up his titles and hand the throne to his brother.

In what ways did the French Revolution change France?

It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political power from the Catholic church

If you were a European monarch during the French Revolution, why would you fear the "French plague"?

It threatened absolute monarchy and other European rulers were horrified by it

Which of the Enlightenment thinkers described in this section had the greatest influence on the actual structure of the U.S. government? What was his contribution?

John Locke and his greatest contribution was the contribution of philosophy.

Why did Louis XIV expel the Huguenots? In your opinion, was it a good decision or a bad decision? Why?

Louis XIV saw France's protestant minority as a threat to religion and political unity. I think this wasn't terrible if he thought they were a threat but on the other side they were loyal and helped the economy

The Continental System did not work. Why?

Napoleon didn't have control of the seas, making it easy for British ships to smuggle goods into Europe while Napoleon commanded European ships to stay on port

Look back through the reading and find one reform that all three enlightened despots enacted. Why do you believe this reform was a universal theme among these absolute rulers?

One reform that I believe was a universal theme was religious freedom due to the fact that it was they main way that they all advanced and they all ran their kingdoms based off of the religion so that is why religion is a universal theme among the absolute rulers

What decisions did Spanish rulers make that weakened Spain's economy?

Overseas wealth decisions drained the wealth of Spain

What is one reason that Peter the Great greatly expanded the military during this reign?

Peter did not limit his changes to military organization and technology.

Why did Philip try to invade England? What was the result?

Philip II, was angry that Queen Elizabeth had not punished Sir Francis Drake and other English seadogs for plundering Spanish ships.

What is natural law?

Rules that govern natural forces such as gravity.

John Locke proposed that if a government fails in its obligations, the people have the right to overthrow their government. What are some of the obligations you believe a government owes to its people?

Some obligations are making things fair for everyone mainly and that can go for many different things.

What was the main impact of the Constitution of 1795?

The Constitution of 1795 established a liberal republic with a franchise based on the payment of taxes

What was the English Bill of Rights? What was its impact?

The English Bill of Rights created a constitutional monarchy in England, meaning the king or queen acts as head of state but his or her powers are limited by law.

What did the Napoleonic Code have in common with the principles of the Enlightenment? How did Napoleon's rule violate Enlightenment principles?

The Napoleonic Code embodied the Enlightenment principles of equality before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism. Too much authority over citizens

What reforms won support for Napoleon from all classes?

The Napoleonic code was the main reform that won support for Napoleon fro all classes

What destroyed Napoleon's reputation for success?

The Russian disaster

In what ways was the American Revolution similar to the French Revolution? In what ways were the revolutions different?

The big thing that made them similar was that at one point they are both in a really bad place and they are different because it took the French revolution much much longer to occur

What are some possible effects (both foreign and domestic) from Louis XIV's many costly wars?

The costly wars could have led the nation's economy to be more unstable as the wars required them to use a lot of resources

What territories were included in the Hapsburg empire?

The holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands.

What was the makeup of George I's cabinet? What purpose did they serve?

The makeup was 11. They helped George 1 and they set policies.

What was the outcome of the Reign of Terror on France's social institutions?

The outcome of the reign of terror was five-man directory to rule and a two-jouse legislature.

List three ways Enlightenment ideas spread during the 1700s.

The salons and the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe. Enlightenment ideas also eventually spread through newspapers, pamphlets, and even political songs

How did Louis control the nobles?

The text states Louis also attached nobles to his court at Versailles and thus achieved increased control over the French aristocracy

What did the Declaration of Pilnitz do?

The two monarchs threatened to protect the French Monarchy

The enlightened despots were absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change. Who might object to the political and social change of an enlightened despot?

The upper class would not like this because then the lower class would be getting more rights that the upper class already has, making the gap between high and low social classes even smaller

If Louis XIV truly ruled by divine right, what risk did his subjects run if they questioned his authority?

They Questioned the authority of god.

How were Catherine the Great's goals similar to those of Peter ? How did they differ?

They are similar because she embraced western ideas and made Russia fully into a European cultural and political life. She also expanded Russia's borders.

How did the English government change under Cromwell's leadership?

They changed to making everything more fair and Cromwell was the reason that Charles I was Defeated.

How did intendants help Louis XIV centralize power?

They collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out his policies in the provinces.

Why did Parliament react so negatively to James I's speech about divine right?

They did this because he was just doing nothing like divine right and then he ended up making a whole speech about it. Hippocratic.

What are some reasons for the Roundhead victory?

They had very good leader as well as that leader organized the ¨New Model Army.¨ They also happened to be very underestimated by the opposing side.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, alliances between countries were formed based on religion. In the 18th century, what were these alliances based on? What does this say about trends within European politics?

They made alliances that shifted or fractured as rulers' goals changed. Wars broke out frequently as monarchs tried to figure out who was going to rule in the various areas of Europe.

How did most government and church authorities try to stop the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

They wagered an entire war of censorship. It did not stop the dead from spreading ideas.

How was James I similar to and different from Elizabeth I?

They were different because Elizabeth actually followed the rules and things like that but they are similar because they both disagreed with parliament.

Why did European monarchs respond as they did to the death of Charles I?

They were shocked because for the first time, a ruling monarch had been tried and executed by his own people.

How did France's radical revolutionary leaders come to power?

They were the newly elected Legislative Assembly that took office.

Why would most people welcome Napoleon's decision to open up government jobs based on talent?

This allowed people of all classes and ranks to have a chance at good jobs

Why was James II forced from the throne?

This is due to the fact that he completely openly practiced Catholicism.

How does this image show the class divisions in England in the 1700s?

This mainly just shows class division.