chapter 12 study questions

high intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of _____ in the mucosal cells. a. ferritin b. metallothionein c. transferrin d. zinc oxide dismutase

b. metallothionein

which is the true statement about iron losses? a. when red blood cells die, the iron in the cells is excreted. b. most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss. c. there is significant loss of iron through the urinary tract. d. iron from red blood cells binds to calcium and is excreted through the large intestine.

b. most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss.

iron stores that are higher than normal but not at a touch level may be associated with: a. an increased risk of cancer and heart disease b. hyper-hemoglobinemia c. an improved immune system d. increased stamina and endurance

a. an increased risk of cancer and heart disease

which is not a factor in determining the rates of iron absorption? a. blood glucose levels b. levels of iron stores c. presence of vitamin C in foods d. form of iron ingested

a. blood glucose levels

what contributes to the loss of iron? a. blood loss b. non-heme iron c. decreased solubility d. transferrin receptors

a. blood loss

what contributes to loss of iron? a. blood loss b. non-heme iron c. decreased solubility d. transferrin receptors

a. blood loss or d. transferrin receptors

How does chromium affect blood glucose levels? a. chromium decrease blood glucose b. chromium increase blood glucose c. chromium has no effect on blood glucose d. there is insufficient research on the chromium-blood glucose connection

a. chromium decreases blood glucose

if your diet is adequate in iron and you are still anemic, the problem might be ____ absorption. a. copper b. zinc c. chromium d. selenium

a. copper

iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ____ in the offspring. a. cretinism b. neural tube defects c. fetal goiter syndrome d. hypoglycemia

a. cretinism

iron sources include: a. heme iron from animal products b. heme iron from plant products c. heme iron from cooking utensils d. none of these.

a. heme iron from animal products

_______ is an inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron. a. hemochromatosis b. hematocrit absorption syndrome c. hyperferritosis d. reverse anemia

a. hemochromatosis

the body regulates zinc absorption byL a. producing metallothionein when intake levels are high b. increasing absorption when intake levels are high c. decreasing absorption when intake levels are low. d. increasing copper absorption when zinc intake is high

a. producing metallothionein when intake levels are high

hemoglobin and myoglobin are a. proteins that carry oxygen b. enzymes that promote lipid metabolism c. hormones necessary for energy production d. calcium deficiency disease

a. proteins that carry oxygen

the most absorbable dietary source of iron is a. red meat b. dairy products c. green leafy vegetables d. citrus fruits

a. red meat

Which statement is true about the relationship between the antioxidant functions of selenium and vitamin E? a. Selenium intake can reduce the need for vitamin E. b. Vitamin E intake inhibits the antioxidant properties of selenium. c. In order to have an antioxidant effect, selenium and vitamin E need to be consumed together. d. Selenium and vitamin E work independently as antioxidants.

a. selenium intake can reduce the need for Vitamin E.

which of the following is a true statement about iron requirements? a. the RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men. b. for adolescents 14 to 18 years of age, the RDA is the same for males and females. c. iron requirements increase after menopause d. babies should not be fed iron-containing formulas, because of the risk of toxicity.

a. the RDA for young adult women is higher than the EDA of young adult men.

All of the following are general properties of trace minerals, EXCEPT: a. they are found only in foods of animal origin. b. many are co-factors for enzymes. c. very little digestion is required. d. they are absorbed primarily in the small intestine. e. they circulate freely in the blood. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct

a. they are found only in foods of animal origin

which of the following is true regarding iron absorption and transport in the body? a. transferrin transports iron from mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream. b. iron is absorbed entirely through passive mechanisms c. the body is to capable of absorbing any significant amount of iron d. iron is absorbed in either the ferrous or ferric form.

a. transferrin transports iron from mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

which of the following is true regarding iron absorption and transport in the body? a. tranferring transport iron from the mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream b. iron is absorbed entirely through passive mechanisms. c. the body is not capable of absorbing any significant amount of iron d. the amount of iron absorbed from the diet cannot be adjusted based on the body's need.

a. transferrin transports iron from the mucosal cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream

An important function of iron in the body is to transport oxygen as part of hemoglobin or myoglobin. a. True b. False

a. true

Molybdenum content of soil affects the amount found in food. a. true b. false

a. true

Pica is the compulsive ingestion of nonfood substances such as clay, laundry starch, and paint chips. a. True b. False

a. true

The presence of trace elements in the diet is small, making them difficult to study. a. True b. False

a. true

Trace elements are needed in minute amounts, but deficiencies can be as devastating as deficiencies of other nutrients. a. True b. False

a. true

acute toxicity of iron may be fatal a. true b. false

a. true

superoxide dismutase, which is vital for protecting cells against free radicals, may contain zinc. a. true b. false

a. true

zinc and copper compete for absorption in the body a. true b. false

a. truue

Which statement about iodine and the thyroid gland is true? a. Without iodine, thyroid hormones cannot be made, causing the thyroid gland to enlarge. b. Iodine deficiency increases the production of thyroid hormones. c. Metabolic rate increases with insufficient thyroid hormones. d. More than three-fourths of the iodine in the body is located in the thyroid gland.

a. without iodine, thyroid hormones cannot be made, causing the thyroid gland to enlarge

What is the role of zinc in gene expression? a. zinc stimulates the production of metallothionein by binding to a regulatory factor b. zinc deactivates the transcription of the gene for the metallothionein protein c. zinc promotes the production of the transport proteins that are involved in protein synthesis. d. zinc transcribes the gene that synthesizes the protein receptor.

a. zinc stimulates the production of metallothionein by binding to a regulatory factor

insulin must have ___ to work properly. a. iron b. chromium c. manganese d. copper

b. chromium

why might copper deficiency lead to anemia? a. copper maintains the integrity of the hemoglobin molecule b. copper containing proteins are required for iron transport c. copper is an essential element in the formation of the myoglobin d. copper deficiency causes vitamin C deficiency thereby reducing iron absorption.

b. copper-containing proteins are required for iron transport.

chromium competes with zinc to bind to the transfer protein transferrin for transport in blood. a. true b. false

b. false

selenium functions as an antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals. a. true b. false

b. false

since iron is water-soluble, toxicity is not a worry. Any excess iron that is ingested is urinated and does not cause health problems. a. true b. false

b. false

zinc is not significantly involved in the process of gene expression a. true b. false

b. false

mottled teeth re caused by an overabundance of which mineral? a. calcium b. fluoride c. molybdenum d. chromium

b. fluoride

substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or with the function of the thyroid gland are called: a. thyroxin interference aggregates b. goitrogens c. homeostatic decoupling agents d. cretinoids

b. goitrogens

Which trace mineral is an essential component of thyroid hormones? a. chromium. b. iodine. c. iron. d. selenium. e. zinc. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

b. iodine

the trace mineral closely associated with basal metabolic rate is: a. zinc b. iodine c. copper d. selenium

b. iodine

What is the function of iodine? a. iodine increases blood pressure b. iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones. c. iodine decreases the basal metabolic rate. d. iodine stimulates the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormones.

b. iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones

the use of ____ has virtually eliminated goiter from North America a. enriched flour b. iodized salt c. corn oil margarine d. low fat milk

b. iodized salt

According to the World Health Organization, the number one nutritional disorder worldwide is: a. beriberi. b. iron deficiency anemia. c. goiter d. pellagra e. zinc deficiency. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

b. iron deficiency anemia

adequate ___ status decreases absorption of lead. a. chromium b. iron/Fe c. zinc d. manganese

b. iron/Fe

what is the function of iron in the body? a. it regulates protein function in the body b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to cells c. it transports important nutrients to cells. d. it helps to maintain the body at a slightly acidic pH.

b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to cells.

what is the function of iron in the body? a. it regulates protein function in the body. b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to cells c. it transports important nutrients to cells d. it helps to maintain the body at a slightly acidic pH.

b. it is essential for delivering oxygen to the cells

why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements? a. phytates, tannins, oxalate, and fiber increase their absorption. b. large amount of these minerals are present in the diet. c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization d. small concentration changes have no impact on trace element status.

b. large amount of these minerals are present in the diet. OR c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization

zinc transport proteins: a. export zinc to the lumen when zinc intake is high. b. move zinc from the lumen to the mucosal cells when zinc intake is high. c. stimulate metallothionine synthesis, regardless of zinc intake. d. inhibit metallothionine synthesis, regardless of zinc intake

b. move zinc from the lumen to the mucosal cells when zinc intake is high

trace minerals are a. need by the body in 100 milligram amounts or more b. needed by the body in 100 milligram amounts or less c. found in foods in 100 milligrams per serving or less d. found in foods in 100 milligrams per serving or more

b. needed by the body in 100 milligram amounts or less

trace mineral toxicity might be seen in cases of a. overeating high protein foods b. overuse of mineral supplements c. starvation d. overeating fruits and vegetables

b. overuse of mineral supplements

all of the following statements are true of selenium EXCEPT: a. selenium deficiency can lead to a heart disease called KAshan disease b. selenium supplementation above the RDA can reduce the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancers. c. selenium supplements could increase the incidence of skin cancer d. seafood is an excellent source of selenium

b. selenium supplementation above the RDA can reduce the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancers.

which of the following statements is true regarding zinc deficiency? a. symptomatic deficiency is only found in those who lack the ability to absorb zinc. b. symptoms often resemble deficiencies of other nutrients c. Americans typically consume more than the recommended amount of zinc. d. a diet high in phytates, fiber, tannins, and oxalates decrease the risk of deficiency.

b. symptoms often resemble deficiencies of other nutrients.

which of the following would not enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements? a. consuming the supplement with a meal containing beef. b. taking it with a calcium supplement c. taking the supplement with a meal containing fish d. consuming it with orange juice

b. taking it with a calcium supplement

which of the following statements is true about fluoride? a. aluminum cookware increases fluoride content of food. b. teflon increases fluoride content of food. c. toothpaste doesn't contribute significantly to fluoride in the body. d. tea is a significant source of fluorine in the body.

b. teflon increases fluoride content of food

what is true about trace elements? a. boron may be involved in vitamin C metabolism. b. the arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic c. nickel plays a role in calcium deposition in the bones d. silicon promotes muscle contraction and relaxation.

b. the arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic

what role does selenium have in cancer development? a. the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group. b. the incidence of skin cancer is low when selenium intake is high. c. selenium has no effect on cancer development d. selenium supplements have been shown to benefit the general population

b. the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of chromium? a. After absorption, chromium is bound to transferrin for transport in the blood. b. When chromium is deficient, insulin production slows. c. Chromium is involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. d. Chromium is needed for normal insulin action.

b. when chromium is deficient, insulin production slows

iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in: a. blockage of arteries leading to the heart. b. a Dowager's hump c. a goiter d. shortness of breath

c. a goiter

all of these substances decrease non-heme iron absorption except: a. fiber b. tannins c. ascorbic acid d. oxalates

c. ascorbic acid **** know!!!

iron is transports in what protein? a. hemoglobin b. heme c. blood transferrin d. ferritin

c. blood transferrin

Which statement is true of fluoride? a. Breast milk is high in fluoride. b. Fluoride in saliva increases acid produced by bacteria. c. Fluoride is attracted to calcium and usually is associated with strong bones and teeth. d. Very little, 20 to 30 percent, of fluoride is absorbed.

c. fluoride is attracted to calcium and usually is associated with strong borns and teeth.

in the body, copper must be transported bound to protein because: a. it is not water soluble b. it is only fat-soluble c. free copper ions can trigger oxidation, leading to cellular damage d. free copper is inactive

c. free copper ions can trigger oxidation, leading to cellular damage

iron is a component of protein, _____ that binds and transport oxygen in the bloodstream. a. ferritin b. albumin c. hemoglobin d. myoglobin

c. hemoglobin

What affect does iodine deficiency have on the thyroid gland? a. thyroid-stimulating hormone causes the thyroid gland to release iodine. b. iodine deficiency deactivates thyroid hormones c. iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine. d. iodine deficiency stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.

c. iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine.

lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide? a. copper b. zinc c. iron d. iodine

c. iron

Fluoride reduces dental cavities by a. destroying mouth bacteria b. preventing acid formation c. making tooth enamel harder d. decreasing resistance to sticky sweets

c. making tooth enamel harder

all of these substance inhibit trace mineral absorption except: a. phytates b. tannins c. myoglobin d. oxalates

c. myoglobins

which of the following is not a true statement? a. cooking in iron skillet can provide dietary iron b. vitamin C enhances iron absorption. c. phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron d. calcium supplements decrease iron absorption

c. phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron

the trace mineral that protects against oxidative cell damage is a. fluoride b. iron c. selenium d. molybdenum

c. selenium

Why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements? a. phytates, tannins, oxalate, and fiber increase their absorption b. large amounts of these minerals are present in the diet. c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization d. small concentration changes have no impact on trace element status.

c. the interactions among minerals affect their utilization

How do manganese, copper, and zinc influence antioxidant function? a. they decrease the oxidant activity of the cell membrane b. they convert ferric oxide to ferrous oxide c. they are required for the activity of a form of superoxide dismutase d. they help neutralize peroxides in the blood

c. they are required for the activity of a form of superoxide dismutase.

how are selenium and vitamin E related? a. they promote the production of peroxides in the blood. b. they stimulate free radical formation. c. they help protect cells from oxidative damage d. they help produce glutathione peroxidase

c. they protect cells from oxidative damage

the vitamin which enhances iron absorption is a. vitamin A b. b-complex c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin D

c. vitamin C

which of the following is NOT a good source of iron? a. beef b. black beans c. whole milk d. dark meat chicken

c. whole milk

sexual maturation is related to body stores of a. copper b. iron c. zinc d. selenium

c. zinc

what is known about molybdenum? a. molybdenum plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. b. molybdenum deficiency has been frequently reported in the scientific journals c. a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) has not yet been established for molybdenum. d. molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced

d. Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced

superoxide dismutase may contain: a. zinc b. copper c. manganese d. all of these

d. all of these

the anemia associated with iron deficiency is called: a. microcytic anemia b. hypochronic anemia c. iron deficiency anemia d. all of these are associated with iron deficiency

d. all of these are associated with iron deficiency

Which of the following are trace elements? a. Vanadium, arsenic, sulfur, chloride b. Boron, vanadium, magnesium c. Nickel, silicon, magnesium, sulfur d. Arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon

d. arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon

iron is stored in what protein? a. hemoglobin b. heme c. blood transferrin d. ferritin

d. ferritin

the trace mineral required for normal blood hemoglobin level is a. chromium b. iron c. copper d. manganese

d. iron

common trace mineral deficiencies in the US and worldwide are: a. copper and nickel b. selenium and chromium c. cobalt and manganese d. iron and iodine

d. iron and iodine

How do high intakes of zinc affect copper absorption? a. high zinc intake inhibits the synthesis of the protein metallothionein in the mucosal cells. b. metallothionein binds zinc more tightly than it binds copper. c. excess zinc int eh diet stimulates the production of a protein that binds copper d. metallothionein binds copper, preventing it form being released into the blood.

d. metallothionein binds copper, preventing it from being released into the blood.

excess fluoride consumption may cause: a. arthritis b. diarrhea c. hives and dermatitis d. mottled teeth

d. mottled teeth

which of the following is not true regarding iodine? a. More than half the iodine in the body is located in the thyroid gland. b. Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones. c. Iodine levels in the body are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone. d. None of these.

d. none of these

Heme iron is found in all of these foods except a. beef b. chicken c. fish d. spinach

d. spinach

which of the following is not a good source of heme iron? a. beef b. chicken c. salmon d. spinach

d. spinach

Trace minerals differ from major minerals in all of the following ways, EXCEPT: a. their daily requirement is less than 100 milligrams. b. their safe range of intake is more narrow. c. they are found in smaller amounts in the body. d. they are less essential in human health. e. they include iodine and iron. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

d. they are less essential in human health

which of the following is true about zinc absorption? a. when zinc intake is low, zinc absorption decreases. b. when zinc intake is high, zinc absorption increases c. when zinc intake is low, zinc absorption halts d. when zinc intake is high, zinc absorption decreases

d. when zinc intake is high, zinc absorption decreases.

when the intake of _____ is high, copper absorption into the blood is inhibited. a. iodine b. fluoride c. chromium d. zinc

d. zinc

Excess fluoride consumption may cause: a. arthritis. b. diarrhea. c. hives and wheezing. d. dermatitis. e mottled teeth. f. all answers above are correct. g. no answer above is correct.

e. mottled teeth