Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
Eighty Years War
1568-1648 Dutch Revolt against Philip II and his successors. Ended with the establishment of the seven northern Netherlands as the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic and the ten southern Netherlands reabsorbed into Spain.
Edict of Nantes
1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
John Knox
A Scottish religious reformer and founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland. Wrote "First Blast ofthe Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women" tp provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor. IT was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never truly forgave him., This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
Dutch East India Company
A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British
Battle of Lepanto (1571)
A naval battle between the Ottoman Turks and a coalition of Christian powers led by Spain which ended in a decisive Christian victory, halting the Ottoman advance into Europe.
Book Of Common Prayer
A prayer book used in England and revised multiple times as new rulers come into power. Unified religion across the country due to its wide distribution.
Hanseatic League
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
Mary Queen of Scots
Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.
Mary I of England
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon of England; "bloody Mary"; attempts to return England to Catholicism by persecution of protestants; marries Phillip II of Spain
Politique
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, politiques (French pronunciation: [pɔlitik]) were those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else. During the Wars of Religion, this included moderates of both religious faiths (Huguenots and Catholics) who held that only the restoration of a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse, as rulers would often overlook religious differences in order to have a strong country. References to individuals as politique often had a pejorative connotation of moral or religious indifference. The concept gained great currency after 1568 with the appearance of radical Catholic League calling for the eradication of Protestantism in France, and by 1588 the politiques were seen by detractors as an organized group and treated as worse than heretics.
Duke of Alba
Lead a Spanish army into the Netherlands on orders from Phillip II of Spain. Made a council in the Netherlands and he was known for inspiring terror. His percecution send many fleeing from the Netherlands for sefety
Prince William I of Orange (AKA, William The Silent)
Leader of the Netherlands, fighter for their religious independence.
Don John of Austria
Philip II's half brother, commander of Holy League, victor over the Turks at Lepanto
Thirty Years War
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Queen Catherine attempts to rid Paris of protestant leaders before they revolt. Coligny and 25,000 other Protestants were murdered over a four day period.
Act of Supremacy (1558)
Repealed all anti-protestant legislation and asserted Elizabeth I's right as supreme governor over spiritual and temporal affairs
Elizabeth I of England
She supported the northern protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England. She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I of England succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England. (p.471-73, 494-96, 521) User-contributed
Philip II of Spain
The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.
"The First Blast Of The Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women"
Written by John Knox to provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor. It was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never truly forgave him.
Catherine de Medici
wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.
Spanish Armada
"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.
William Shakespeare
(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
Cardinal Richelieu
(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.
Defenestration of Prague
(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.
Peace of Westphalia
(1648) is the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France.
Gustavus Adolphus
- Lutheran king of Sweden who helped the Lutherans in Germany by sending in his army. Saved Protestantism in the 30 Years War. Died at the successful Battle of Lutzen
Huguenots
-French Protestants
