Chapter 1,2,3 Nutrition 150
Acid reflux is caused by gas in the stomach. F
Acid reflux occurs when stomach contents pass back through the lower esophageal sphincter into the esophagus.
The primary purpose of the large intestine is to absorb water. T
After food has been completely broken down and its nutrients absorbed in the small intestine, it passes into the large intestine, where water and electrolytes continue to be absorbed. Some vitamins are also made by bacteria in the large intestine.
Which type of lipids must be listed on a food label?
All of the listed responses are correct.
The number of obese Americans is lower today than it was five years ago. F
Although the obesity rate in American adults has remained the same over the past five years, 34 percent of adult Americans are still considered obese.
The major function of bile is to emulsify fats. T
Bile emulsifies fat by breaking up the large globules into smaller fat droplets. This allows enzymes to access and break the bonds.
Which of the following statements about energy provision is true?
Carbohydrates and proteins provide an equal number of kilocalories per gram.
Americans typically have a good sense of portion sizes. F
Correct! Many people overconsume a food at any one sitting by piling two or more portions of it on their plate.
What recommendations were developed to help individuals aged 2 and over improve the quality of their diet in order to lower their risk of chronic diseases and promote healthy eating habits?
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
Eliminating all fat from the diet will improve health. F
Dietary fat is essential for several body functions, including its role in providing energy.
Which dietary recommendation is set at a level that meets the needs of half of healthy Americans by age and gender?
EAR
Having a balanced diet means eating the same number of servings from each food group. F
Eating a balanced diet means not eating too much of any one food.
Exchange lists are similar to MyPyramid except the foods are based on the carbohydrate, protein, fat, and kilocalorie contents. T
Exchange lists allow you to swap foods within each food group while still controlling the amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and kilocalories you ingest.
A food label that states a food item is a "good source of calcium" must provide at least 5 percent of the Daily Value of calcium.
F
A person with chronic constipation should eat a low-fiber diet.
F
Advertising healthy products CANNOT be successful.
F
Avoidance of rice and beans is generally recommended for a person who has celiac disease.
F
Because alcohol provides energy, it is considered an essential nutrient.
F
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted from gastric cells.
F
Fingerlike projections in the small intestine, called villi, are responsible for peristalsis.
F
Most absorption of nutrients takes place in the large intestine.
F
MyPlate identifies guidelines within four main nutrient groups.
F
Peristalsis acts as an emulsifier during the digestive process.
F
The high intake of sugars in the diets of Americans today comes from the consumption of natural sugars in fruits and vegetables.
F
The primary function of dietary protein is to provide energy.
F
Water is an organic compound because it is essential for life.
F
the amount of energy needed to maintain a healthy weight and meet energy needs
H. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
Which of the following is a main cause of ulcers?
H. pylori bacteria
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States. F
Heart disease is the leading cause of death among Americans. The good news is that your diet can play an important role in preventing it.
The lymphatic system transports all nutrients through the body once they've been absorbed. F
Lymph only transports fat-soluble components such as fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol, to the liver and cells. Blood transports water-soluble materials including glucose, amino acids, and water-soluble vitamins.
visual guidance system that illustrates the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
MyPlate
Food choices are driven primarily by flavor. T
Taste is the strongest motivating factor for choosing foods. However, numerous other factors, including culture, social setting, health, advertising, habit, emotion, time, cost, and convenience, also play a role in food choice.
The most effective method of nutritional assessment is to ask a client to write down what he's eaten in the last 24 hours. F
The 24-hour food record is one tool for gathering information about the quality of an individual's diet, but it doesn't reveal a complete picture. Long-term food records, interviews, and anthropometric data are additional tools that can help a dietitian assess an individual's eating habits.
The current Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins and minerals are set at the amount you should consume daily to maintain good health. T
The Dietary Reference Intakes are specific reference values for each nutrient according to age, gender, and life stage. Their main focus is to maintain good health and reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and avoid unhealthy excesses.
All packaged foods must contain a food label. T
The FDA requires a food label on all packaged food items, and specific information must be included.
Irritable bowel syndrome is caused by an allergy to gluten. F
The cause of irritable bowel syndrome is not known, but low-fiber diets, stress, consumption of irritating foods, and intestinal motility disorders are all suspected factors.
Saliva can alter the taste of food. T
The enzyme salivary amylase, found in saliva, begins digesting carbohydrate during chewing; hence, starchy foods will begin to taste sweet as they are broken down. All other nutrients stay intact until they reach the stomach.
According to the USDA, there are five basic food groups. T
The five basic food groups are grains, vegetables, fruit, milk, and meat and beans.
What is the healthy-eating principle that provides the correct proportion of nutrients to maintain health and prevent disease?
balance
According to the AMDR, adults are recommended to consume __________ of their calories from carbohydrates.
between 45 and 65 percent
neutralizes stomach acid and produces a favorable pH in the small intestine
bicarbonate ion
Analysis of blood, urine, and feces is an example of which of the following indicators of nutrition assessment?
biochemical
Which of the following foods contains phytochemicals?
cabbage
Which of the following nutrients is inorganic?
calcium
major mineral
calcium
primary energy source
carbohydrate
Many foods provide a variety of nutrients. For example, milk is a source of __________.
carbohydrates, protein, and fat
Mastication is the act of __________.
chewing
examination of hair, skin, and nails for signs of deficiencies or excess nutrients
clinical assessment
Strawberry yogurt would be classified into which of the following food groups?
dairy
Food labels list ingredients in __________.
descending order by weight
Reading food labels helps consumers to __________.
determine the amount and kind of fat in a product
Which of the following leading causes of death is/are related to poor nutrition habits?
diabetes
the process of breaking down food into its smallest units for absorption
digestion
The small intestine is divided into three sections. Which list is in the correct order?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
high numbers of calories in low-weight portions of food
energy density
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
epiglottis
Which of the following nutrients provides the most energy per gram?
fats
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 encourages Americans to consume more __________.
fruits and vegetables
the organ whose primary function is to store and concentrate bile from the liver
gallbladder
Which hormone regulates the acidity of the stomach?
gastrin
hormone responsible for stimulating the release of stomach acid
gastrin
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, a common digestive disorder, is known as __________.
gastroenteritis
Which hormone, known as the "hormone of hunger," is released when the stomach is empty?
ghrelin
hormone responsible for stimulating hunger
ghrelin
In celiac disease, __________-containing foods must be avoided.
gluten
intestinal disorder of unknown cause, characterized by changes in colonic rhythm
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, which combination of vegetables illustrates the concept of "varying your veggies"?
kale and carrots
unit of food energy
kilocalorie
nitrogen-containing macronutrient
protein
What is the name of the sphincter that is located between the stomach and small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
the portion of a food that is a standard reference listed on the food label
serving size
part of the GI tract in which the majority of digestion and absorption takes place
small intestine
What is the most important factor that influences food choices?
taste
A 3-ounce serving of cooked meat is represented in size by __________.
the palm of a woman's hand
What is the purpose of bicarbonate ions in the digestive process?
to neutralize HCl from the stomach
stored form of excess energy
triglyceride
Chronic inflammation of the colon that results in ulcers forming in the lining of the colon is known as __________.
ulcerative colitis
disorder of the stomach for which H. pylori is often responsible
ulcers
the diet principle of mixing different foods
variety
Which of the following foods would you choose if you were watching your energy intake?
vegetable soup
What is the name of the fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine?
villi
Fat-soluble vitamins include __________.
vitamin A
water-soluble vitamin
vitamin C
fat-soluble vitamin
vitamin K
Which of the following is a micronutrient?
vitamins
inorganic macronutrient
water
Which of the following is a feature of minerals?
They are inorganic.
trace mineral
iron
Using the exchange lists for meal planning is a convenient method for developing flexible meal plans.
T
Myths and Misconceptions
T/F
Daily Values on food labels are based on a __________.
2,000-kilocalorie diet
2.2
2.2
Foods that are an "excellent source" of a nutrient must contain at least __________ of the Daily Value of that nutrient in a serving.
20 percent
3.3
3.3
If Jill's lunch consisted of 55 grams of carbohydrates, 21 grams of protein, 15 grams of fat, and 5 grams of alcohol, what would be the total kilocalories supplied by this meal?
474
ary is on an 1,800-kilocalorie diet. If she consumes 225 grams of carbohydrates per day, what percent of the total calories comes from carbohydrates?
50
MyPlate recommends that at least __________ of the foods from the grain group be whole grains.
50 percent
Feces contain a high amount of bacteria. T
Fecal matter consists of 50 percent bacteria, while the rest is undigested food, water, and sloughed intestinal cells.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance of a nutrient is based on an estimated average requirement, or EAR. T
If there is adequate scientific evidence to establish an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a nutrient, then an RDA can be calculated. Some nutrients have not been sufficiently researched to provide an EAR and therefore an Adequate Intake is recommended.
What is the function of bile?
It aids in the digestion of fats.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an essential nutrient?
It cannot be made by the body in sufficient amounts and should therefore be obtained from foods.
The energy in foods is measured in kilocalories. T
Kilocalories are the measure of energy in foods.
Protein contains more energy per gram than fat. F
Like carbohydrate, protein provides 4 kilocalories per gram, while fat provides 9 kilocalories per gram. Therefore, fat provides more energy per gram than protein.
Nutrient density refers to foods that are lower in weight relative to volume. F
Nutrient density refers to foods that are high in nutrients but low in energy or kilocalories.
the area on the food label that provides a list of specific nutrients in the food
Nutrition Facts panel
What is the first step of the scientific method in conducting nutrition research?
Observe and ask a question.
Which dietary recommendation is set at a level that meets the need of nearly all healthy people?
RDA
the recommended daily amount of nutrients to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of similar age and gender
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Hormones play an important role in digestion. T
Several hormones, including gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide help regulate digestion.
A nutrient claim on the food label boasts that the food contains a significant source of a specific nutrient. T
Specific descriptive terms approved by the FDA must be used.
A food's energy density is determined by comparing the food's calorie content with its weight.
T
A portion is the amount of food that is consumed in one sitting.
T
Alternating diarrhea and constipation, along with abdominal pain, is characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
T
Bacteria in the colon are able to produce some vitamins that are available for absorption.
T
In the exchange system, each portion of food on the list can be exchanged for another on the same list.
T
Most of the money spent on food advertising is spent to market breakfast cereals, candy, and soft drinks.
T
MyPlate is a food guidance system that visually demonstrates the recommendations in theDietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
T
Probiotics are helpful to maintain proper functioning of the digestive system.
T
Since the 1970s, the average American family has significantly increased the percentage of its household food budget spent on eating out.
T
Taste is the most important consideration in making food choices.
T
Taste preferences for sweetness begin in infancy and might be genetically determined.
T
The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is the amount of energy required daily to maintain a healthy body weight based on age, gender, height, weight, and activity level.
T
The FDA regulates all the health claims on food labels.
T
The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions into the small intestine.
T
The information on the food label that provides a list and amounts of nutrients in one serving of the food is known as Nutrition Facts panel.
T
There are four fat-soluble vitamins, and they are vitamins A, D, E, and K.
T
Without mucus, the stomach would digest itself. T
The stomach secretes a powerful acid, HCl, that is critical to breaking down the bonds in foods during digestion. However, the acid is also strong enough to damage the cells of the stomach wall. A thick layer of mucus protects the stomach wall from HCl.
As long as you take a vitamin pill, you don't have to worry about eating healthy food. F
There is no replacement for whole foods in a healthy diet. A supplement can augment a healthy diet, but it can't replace it.
You can get good nutrition advice from anyone who calls himself a nutritionist. F
There is no standard or legal definition of the word "nutritionist," so it does not convey expert status. In fact, anyone can call himself or herself a nutritionist.
If you follow the advice in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans you can reduce your risk of dying from chronic diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus. T
These guidelines are the latest recommendations for nutrition and physical activity for healthy Americans over the age of 2.
Diarrhea is always caused by bacterial infection. F
Though foodborne illness can cause diarrhea, the condition can also result from an adverse reaction to certain foods, medications, or other compounds, including sugar substitutes such as sorbitol.
highest amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause harm if consumed daily
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Alcohol is a nutrient. F
Whereas alcohol does provide kilocalories, eliminating it from the diet would not result in malnutrition. Therefore, alcohol is not a nutrient.
An experimental study in which neither the researchers nor the subjects know which group is receiving the treatment or the placebo is called __________.
a double-blind placebo-controlled study
Which method of absorption requires both a carrier molecule and energy to cross a cell membrane?
active transport
Which of the following is a source of calories (energy)?
alcohol
Body mass index is an example of which of the following indicators of nutrition assessment?
anthropometric
Which of the following ingredients in foodstuffs provides energy?
lipids
the system that transports some fats and fat-soluble vitamins throughout the body
lymphatic
Which of the following is a purpose of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010?
maintenance of health
What is the function of the stomach?
mixing and storing food
reasonable but not excessive amounts of food and nutrients
moderation
Digestion begins in the __________.
mouth
Which of the following is the most nutrient-dense food relative to calcium content?
nonfat milk
In the exchange system, each portion of food in the group contributes a similar __________ per serving.
number of calories
A measure of the nutrients in food compared with their caloric content is known as __________.
nutrient density
Absorption refers to the process of __________.
nutrients crossing the intestinal lining
The study of the relationship between a person's genes, nutrition, and health is called __________.
nutritional genomics
consuming excess nutrients or energy
overnutrition
Which organ produces and secretes enzymes that hydrolyze proteins?
pancreas
the organ that releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine
pancreas
Which enzyme begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach?
pepsin
The forward, rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system is called __________.
peristalsis