Chapter 12A AP Euro

January Edict

(1562) granted by Catherine de Medici, this edict allowed Protestant in France to worship outside towns publicly and privately inside them.

d

The Catholic Counter-Reformation spirit was expressed in: a. mannerism b. modernism c. classicism d. the baroque e. neo-classicism

Henry III

(1551-1589, r. 1574-1589) House of Valois, his reign was suffused with blood, at first because of the continuous Wars of Religion that pitted Catholics against Huguenots, but later because of the struggles that arose when it became clear that he was going to be the last of the Valois line. He sought to steer a middle course and gained support from both neutral Catholics and Protestants. He had the duke and cardinal of Guise assassinated out of desperation, which only angered the Catholic League. He then was forced to ally with the then-Protestant Henry of Navarre. He was assassinated by a crazed friar in 1589 and Henry of Navarre succeeded him as Henry IV.

Massacre at Vassy in Champagne, France

(1562) the duke of Guise massacred a Protestant Congregation which ended the January edict and marked the beginning of the French wars of religion.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

(1572) killings on the occasion of Protestant Henry of Navarre's marriage to the king's sister Margeret of Valois, in which many Huguenot leaders attended; Coligny and 3,000 other Huguenots were assassinated. The order was mainly meant to eliminate Coligny, as directed by Catherine de Medicis. Catherine feared Coligny's growing influence over the King, Charles IX, who had agreed to support France's invasion into Netherlands in support of the Dutch Protestants. This would put France directly in line with Spain, who was the more powerful body. In order to keep France away from a losing battle, Catherine sought to assassinate the man in charge of this plan.

Henry II

(r. 1556-59) As king of France, he succeeded his father, Francis I, and began a religious repression that created Calvinist martyrs, perhaps further encouraging Protestant dissent. He established new measures against Protestants in the Edict of Chateaubriand in 1551. The spread of Calvinism led him to sign the Treaty of Canteau-Cambresis in 1559. After decades of reckless invasions, he agreed to respect Habsburg dominance in Italy and control over Flanders (Netherlands). In 1559, he was accidentally killed by an errant lance during a jousting tournament celebrating peace with Spain, and so his sickly son, Francis II, succeeded him.

Elizabeth I

(r. 1558-1603) daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and Queen of England. She followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics. Never married, and died without an heir. As a result, the Tudor Dynasty ended with her reign.

Edict of Nantes

A document of religious toleration issued by Henry IV which ended religious fighting between Protestants and Catholics in France; granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, right of assembly admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns, but only in their own territories. This brought peace to France, but also Henry IV's assassination. Later, it was evoked by Louis XIV in 1685.

Guises

A powerful family in eastern France who lobbied to control the country following the unfortunate death of Charles V and his sickly son in 1560. They had major influence through the Catholic hierarchy of cardinals and bishops. They supported the Catholics in order to keep their political power.

Bourbons

A powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, they supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.

politique

A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between HRE Charles V and the territorial German princes, it was a turning point in the historic reformation that ended German religious warfare in 1555. It declared that Lutheranism was a legal, permanent religion along with Catholicism. It also stated that German princes could determine the religion over his subjects. Calvinism and Anabaptism was not recognized.

Gaspard de Coligny

Charles IX's most trusted advisor, he was made the admiral of the Montmorency-Chatillons and became a political leader of the French Protestants. Took command once Conde was dead. He was later killed in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Peace of Saint Germain-en-laye

Ended 3rd French war of religion, and granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories

"Paris is worth a mass"

Henry IV declared this when converting to Catholicism.

Catherine de Medicis

Ruled as Queen of France for Charles IX following her son, Francis II's death. She struggled to reconcile French and Protestant relations, and fought to maintain the monarchy against the powerful Guises, whom she feared would take over the throne. She wanted a Catholic France, but allied with the Protestants to accomplish her goals of keeping the Guises out of line. Later, however, she was forced to cooperate with the Guises as Protestant influence grew.

baroque

Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Presented life in a grandiose, three-dimensional display of raw energy. Associated with Catholicism.

e

The Huguenots were: a. a majority of the population b. mainly from the lower classes c. Dutch Jansenists d. English Catholics e. French Calvinists

c

The phrase, "Paris is worth a mass," is attributed to a. Catherine de Medici b. Gaspard de Coligny c. Henry of Navarre d. Henry III e. Louis XIII

Theodore Beza

a Calvinist leader, he targeted noble families to become Calvinist supporters (including the family of Henry of Navarre, specifically Henry's mother); also wrote "On the Right of Magistrates Over Their Subjects", in which he stated that regional rulers should have the right to be able to overthrow tyrannical central governments

Peter Paul Rubens

a famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level in drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings; known for his paintings of religious subjects and for his voluptuous female nudes.

Counter-Reformation

reform movement in the Catholic Church, beginning in the 1530s, that fostered a more spiritual outlook and clarified church doctrines in response to the Protestant Reformation

"Cuius Regio, Eius Religio"

the ruler of the land determines the religion of the land

Henry IV

was the leader of the Huguenots; came to the French throne after Henry III died. After coming to a realization that the Catholics made up the majority of France, he abandoned his Protestant faith and converted to Catholicism in order to keep his country unified and end the French wars of religion. Although later killed by a religious fanatic, he is remembered for his Edict of Nantes (1598)

Montmorency-Chatillons

A powerful family who controlled the center of France. This family also supported the Huguenots in combating the Catholic Guises in France.

c

The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre was an attack on: a. Parisian elites b. German peasants c. French Huguenots d. Dutch merchants e. Italian laborers

a

The Treaty of Nantes: a. gave Huguenots qualified religious freedoms b. established universal religious toleration in France c. settled the border between France and Spain d. ended French involvement in northern Italy e. brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire

Michel de Montaigne

The finest represent of the early modern skepticism, he developed a new literary genre: the essay. He rejected the claim that one culture may be superior to others and by doing this he inaugurated a new era of doubt. (1533-1592)

a

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the Counter-Reformation? a. The Church emerged with an organizational structure emphasizing absolute obedience to the person at the top. b. Catholics were permitted by the Church to convert to Lutheranism under the Augsburg settlement c. The Roman Church adopted a Presbyterian organization structure Counter-Reformation d. There was little popular support for the Counter-Reformation e. It emphasized the use of force to suppress Protestantism

b

Which of the following rulers is an example of a politique? a. Mary I b. Elizabeth I c. Phillip II d. Oliver Cromwell e. Charles I

Battle of Pavia

(1525) in this battle, the capture of the French King, Francis I, by the forces of Charles V provided a motive for the first wave of Protestant persecutions in France