Chapter 13 A&P 2 checkpoint ?s

What are the proposed functions of the pineal gland?

-Secretes melatonin -Conveys circadian rhythm from hypothalamus to the rest of the body

super sagittal sinus

..

Which areas of the cerebrum demonstrate hemispheric lateralization for producing and understanding speech?

Broca's area and Wernicke's area, associated with the production of speech and comprehension of speech, respectively, are located in the left cerebral hemisphere

Where is CSF reabsorbed in the blood?

CSF is reabsorbed in the arachnoid villi. At arachnoid villi, CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood of dural venous sinuses.

brain stem

Connects the brain and spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain.

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

Control of the ANS production of hormones regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns regulation of eating a drinking control of body temp regulation of circadian rhythms and state of consciousness,.

What does the term "hemispheric laterization" mean?

Hemispheric lateralization refers to the distinction between functions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. If one hemisphere is more heavily involved in a specific function, it is often referred to as being dominant

How does CSF protect the brain and spinal cord?

It keeps the brain and spinal cord buoyant so that they are not crushed by their own weight. Provides a hydraulic shock-absorbing cushion. mechanical protection chemical protection circulation

What vessels drain blood from the head?

Jugular vein, any of several veins of the neck that drain blood from the brain, face, and neck, returning it to the heart via the superior vena cava. The main vessels are the external jugular vein and the interior jugular vein

cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. left and right hemispheres

How is the cerebellum externally similar to the cerebrum?

Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has a highly folded surface that greatly increases the surface area of its outer gray matter cortex, allowing for a greater number of neurons.

What structures are found in the posterior roots? The posterior root ganglia? The anterior roots?

Posterior roots: cell bodies anterior roots: motor neurons

What are the function of the three lobes of the cerebellum

The anterior and posterior lobe govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements. The flocculonodular lobe on the inferior surface contributes to equilibrium and balance.

Which brain region is anterior to the fourth ventricle? Which is posterior to it?

The cerebellum is anterior and the brain stem is posterior

In which meningeal space does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, and in the ventricles of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.

What portion of the spinal cord connects with nerves of the upper limbs? With nerves of the lower limbs?

The cervical enlargement connects with sensory and motor nerves of the upper limbs. The lumbar enlargement provides nerves to and from the lower limbs.

Where are the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces located?

The epidural space, bordered medially by dura, contains fat and vascular structures. The subdural space is a virtual space in between the dura and arachnoid membrane. The subarachnoid space is home to the CSF, spinal cord and nerve rootlets.

During development, does the gray matter or white matter enlarge more rapidly?

The gray matter enlarges more rapidly.

Which part of the brain stem contains the cerebral peduncles? What is their importance?

The midbrain Their importance is that it conducts impulses from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the medulla oblangata, pons , and spinal cord.

What are the conus medullaris, filum terminale, and cauda equina?

The most distal bulbous part of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris, and its tapering end continues as the filum terminale. Distal to this end of the spinal cord is a collection of nerve roots, which are horsetail-like in appearance and hence called the cauda equina (Latin for horse's tail) function of filum terminale: fixate, stabilize, and buffer the distal spinal cord from normal and abnormal cephalic and caudal traction function of conus medullaris: connects roots

What structure usually connects the right and left halves of the thalamus?

interthalamic region

Describe the composition of the posterior, anterior, and lateral gray horns. What is the difference between a horn and a column in the spinal cord?

The posterior gray horns contain interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons. The anterior gray horns contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for skeletal muscle contractions. Lateral gray horns contain the cell bodies of automatic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands The difference between a horn and a column is that a horn subdivides the gray matter on each side of the spinal cord. Whereas columns, ; a column is a region of white matter in the spinal cord.

What are important functions of the reticular formation

The reticular formation may be best known for its role in promoting arousal and consciousness. This function is mediated by the reticular activating system (RAS), also known as the ascending arousal system.

Where are the spinal meninges located? What are the three layers of the meninges, from superficial to deep?

The spinal meninges are located around the spinal cord. All three spinal meninges cover the spinal nerves up to the point of exit from the spinal column through the intervertebral foramina. -The outer dura mater, the middle, and the arachnoid.

Define the decussation of pyramids. What is the functional consequence of discussion of the pyramids

The two pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. These are the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers that make up the pyramidal tracts. ... The pyramidal decussation marks the border between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. control voluntary movements of the limbs and trunks you can get impaired speech if it doesn't work correctly

What structures are the sites of the CSF production, and where are they located?

Ventricles are the sites of the formation of CSF and they are found within the brain. Lateral ventricle third ventricle fourth ventricle

spinal cord

a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain

Which tracts carry impulses between gyri of the same hemisphere? Between gyri in the opposite hemispheres? Between the cerebrum, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord?

association tracts- gyri to the same hemisphere commissural tracts- gyri in the opposite direction projection tracts- between the cerebrum, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord.

What are the general terms for the brains folds, shallow grooves, and deep grooves

brain folds- gyrus deepest grooves between folds- fissures shallower grooves - sulci

Which of the four principal parts of the brain is the largest? Which part attaches to the spinal cord?

cerebrum is the largest. The brain stem attaches to the spinal cord.

What do the pons do?

control breathing The pons is a bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another

Which kind of pathway would transmit motor instructions to consciously pick up a book? To maintain upright posture while still in class?

direct; indirect pathways

What connects the gray matter on the two sides of the spinal cord? The white matter on the two sides of the spinal cord?

gray commissure connects the gray matter while the anterior white commissure connects the white matter

Which component of the spinal cord white matter transmits information to your brain that your knee is flexed? Which components transmit information to your brain that your body feels cold?

knee flexed: impulse propagation body feels cold: sensory propagation

What deep groove separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres? What specific shallow grooves separate each lobe of the cerebrum from the next?

longitudinal fissures separate the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The central sulcus separates each lobe of the cerebrum from the next.

In which regions of the brain stem are the nuclei that help control breathing

medullary respiratory center

Where are the midbrain, pons, and medulla located relative to one another?

on top of one another

What is the function of the thalamus?

relay center - organizes impulses to and from specific areas of the cerebrum. Contributes to motor functions by transferring information from the cerebellum to the basal nucli

tentorium cerebelli

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Falex cerebri

seperates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Where is the limbic system located?

superior to the brainstem, and encased by the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon function: emotion and memory

Diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus A portion of the embryonic forebrain that becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland.

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Which part of the diencephalon contains the mammillary bodies? What is the function of the mammillary bodies?

the hypothalamus The function is to serve as signal stations for reflexes related in the sense of smell.

Where are ascending and descending tracts located in the spinal cord?

within each column are sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts that may extend long distances up or down the spinal cord.