Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks

7. Which of the following masks, when used as the only mask within a Class B network, would supply enough subnet bits to support 100 subnets? (Choose two.) a. /24 b. 255.255.255.252 c. /20 d. 255.255.252.0

A and B. The masks in binary define a number of binary 1s, and the number of binary 1s defines the length of the prefix (network + subnet) part. With a Class B network, the network part is 16 bits. To support 100 subnets, the subnet part must be at least 7 bits long. Six subnet bits would supply only 26 = 64 subnets, while 7 subnet bits sup- ply 27 = 128 subnets. The /24 answer supplies 8 subnet bits, and the 255.255.255.252 answer supplies 14 subnet bits.

Classful addressing

A concept in IPv4 addressing that defines a subnetted IP address as having three parts: network, subnet, and host.

Classless addressing

A concept in IPv4 addressing that defines a subnetted IP address as having two parts: a prefix (or subnet) and a host.

Prefix mask

A term to describe an IPv4 subnet mask when represented as a slash (/) followed by a decimal number. The decimal number is the number of binary 1s in the mask.

5. Working at the help desk, you receive a call and learn a user's PC IP address and mask (192.168.9.1/27). When thinking about this using classful logic, you determine the number of network (N), subnet (S), and host (H) bits. Which of the following is true in this case? a. N=24 b. S=24 c. H=8 d. H=7

A. The size of the network part is always either 8, 16, or 24 bits, based on whether it is Class A, B, or C, respectively. As a Class C address, N=24. The number of subnet bits is the difference between the prefix length (27) and N, so S=3 in this case. The size of the host part is a number that, when added to the prefix length (27), gives you 32, so H=5 in this case.

Binary mask

An IPv4 subnet mask written as a 32-bit binary number.

Decimal mask

An IPv4 subnet mask written in dotted-decimal notation; for example, 255.255.255.0.

CIDR mask

Another term for a prefix mask, one that uses prefix or CIDR notation, in which the mask is represented by a slash (/) followed by a decimal number.

3. Which of the following answers lists the dotted-decimal notation (DDN) equivalent of /30? a. 255.255.255.192 b. 255.255.255.252 c. 255.255.255.240 d. 255.255.254.0 e. 255.255.255.0

B. /30 is the equivalent of the mask that in binary has 30 binary 1s. To convert that to DDN format, write down all the binary 1s (30 in this case), followed by binary 0s for the remainder of the 32-bit mask. Then take 8 bits at a time and convert from binary to decimal (or memorize the nine possible DDN mask octet values and their binary equiv- alents). Using the /30 mask in this question, the binary mask is 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100. Each of the first three octets is all binary 1s, so each converts to 255. The last octet, 11111100, converts to 252, for a DDN mask of 255.255.255.252. See Appendix A, "Numeric Reference Tables," for a decimal/binary conversion table.

2. Which of the following answers lists the prefix (CIDR) format equivalent of 255.255.255.240? a. /26 b. /28 c. /27 d. /30 e. /29

B. If you think about the conversion one octet at a time, the first three octets each convert to 8 binary 1s. 240 converts to 8-bit binary 11110000, so the total number of binary 1s (which defines the prefix length) is 8 + 8 + 8 + 4 = /28.

1. Which of the following answers lists the prefix (CIDR) format equivalent of 255.255.254.0? a. /19 b. /20 c. /23 d. /24 e. /25

C. If you think about the conversion one octet at a time, the first two octets each convert to 8 binary 1s. 254 converts to 8-bit binary 11111110, and decimal 0 converts to 8-bit binary 00000000. So, the total number of binary 1s (which defines the prefix length) is 8 + 8 + 7 + 0 = /23.

4. Working at the help desk, you receive a call and learn a user's PC IP address and mask (10.55.66.77, mask 255.255.255.0). When thinking about this using classful logic, you determine the number of network (N), subnet (S), and host (H) bits. Which of the fol- lowing is true in this case? a. N=12 b. S=12 c. H=8 d. S=8 e. N=24

C. The size of the network part is always either 8, 16, or 24 bits, based on whether itis Class A, B, or C, respectively. As a Class A address, N=8. The mask 255.255.255.0, converted to prefix format, is /24. The number of subnet bits is the difference between the prefix length (24) and N, so S=16 in this case. The size of the host part is a number that, when added to the prefix length (24), gives you 32, so H=8 in this case.

6. Which of the following statements is true about classless IP addressing concepts? a. Uses a 128-bit IP address b. Applies only for Class A and B networks c. Separates IP addresses into network, subnet, and host parts d. Ignores Class A, B, and C network rules

D. Classless addressing rules define a two-part IP address structure: the prefix and the host part. This logic ignores Class A, B, and C rules, and can be applied to the 32-bit IPv4 addresses from any address class. By ignoring Class A, B, and C rules, classless addressing ignores any distinction as to the network part of an IPv4 address.

Dotted Decimal Notation (DDN)

The format used for IP version 4 addresses, in which four decimal values are used, separated by periods (dots).