Chapter 13 Blood System

(this tests the) Ability of venous blood to clot in a test tube

Coagulation Time

Blood Clotting

Coagulation: fibrin clot Anticoagulants: heparin, warfarin (Coumadin) What is blood clotting or coagulation? The final result (usually taking less than 15 minutes) is the formation of a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen. Why are platelets important in the beginning of the process following injury to tissues or blood vessels?

anemia

Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

Chapter Goals (cont'd)

Describe various pathologic conditions affecting blood. Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders, and recognize relevant abbreviations. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

complete blood count (CBC)

Determination of the number of red and white cells and platelets, hemoglobin level and hematocrit, and red cell indices-MCH, MCV, MCHC

Method of separating plasma proteins by electrical charge

Electrophoresis

(this test) Measures the speed at which erythrocytes SETTLE outside of plasma

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Erythrocytes red blood cells; transport nutrients and oxygen Leukocytes white blood cells Thromobocytes platelets; clot blood 5 types of Leukocytes Basophils -contain heparin(prevents clotting) and histamine (allergic responses) 5 types of Leukocytes Eosinophils - phagocytic cells inv allergic reactions and parasitic infections 5 types of Leukocytes Neutrophils - phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection 5 types of Leukocytes Monocytes - phagocytic cells that digest bacteria and tissue debris 5 types of Leukocytes Lymphocytes - control immune response; antibodies to antigens 4 types of plasma proteins 1. albumin 2. globulins 3. fibrinogen 4. prothrombin Blood type A A antigen and anti-B antibody Blood type B B antigen and anti-A antibody Blood type AB A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient) Blood type O no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor) Rh factor positive and negative Aplastic anemia failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of bone marrow cells Hemolytic anemia reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction Pernicious anemia lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 Sickle cell abnormal shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis; hereditary Thalassemia inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin Hemochromotosis excess iron deposits throughout the body Polycythemia vera gen. increase in red blood cells Hemophilia Excessive bleeding caused by a blood clotting protein Purpura pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under skin Leukemia increase in cancerous white blood cells Granulocytosis abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood Mononucleosis an infectious disease marked by increase in leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes Multiple Myeloma malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

Erythrocytes red blood cells; transport nutrients and oxygen Leukocytes white blood cells Thromobocytes platelets; clot blood 5 types of Leukocytes Basophils -contain heparin(prevents clotting) and histamine (allergic responses) 5 types of Leukocytes Eosinophils - phagocytic cells inv allergic reactions and parasitic infections 5 types of Leukocytes Neutrophils - phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection 5 types of Leukocytes Monocytes - phagocytic cells that digest bacteria and tissue debris 5 types of Leukocytes Lymphocytes - control immune response; antibodies to antigens 4 types of plasma proteins 1. albumin 2. globulins 3. fibrinogen 4. prothrombin Blood type A A antigen and anti-B antibody Blood type B B antigen and anti-A antibody Blood type AB A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient) Blood type O no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor) Rh factor positive and negative Aplastic anemia failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of bone marrow cells Hemolytic anemia reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction Pernicious anemia lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 Sickle cell abnormal shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis; hereditary Thalassemia inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin Hemochromotosis excess iron deposits throughout the body Polycythemia vera gen. increase in red blood cells Hemophilia Excessive bleeding caused by a blood clotting protein Purpura pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under skin Leukemia increase in cancerous white blood cells Granulocytosis abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood Mononucleosis an infectious disease marked by increase in leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes Multiple Myeloma malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

Cell Types and Function

Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen Leukocytes: white blood cells Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood What is an immature red blood cell called? (erythroblast) Where do erythrocytes originate? (In bone marrow) What are cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow that destroy worn-out erythrocytes? (macrophages) What is a phagocyte? See next slide. Review a normal differential of these cell types in a smear of whole peripheral blood.

term meaning "leukocyte with dense, REDDISH granules; associated with ALLERGIC reactions

Esinophil(s)

hemochromatosis

Excess iron deposits throughout the body

hemophilia

Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of one of the protein substances(either factor VIII or factor IX) necessary for blood clotting

Protein threads that form the basis of a clot

FIBRIN are protein "threads" formed from fibrogen. (Don't confuse with platelets which are thrombin "cells")

aplastic anemia

Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia(absence of development, formation) of bone marrow cells

polycythemia vera

General increase in red blood cells(erythremia)

Sample of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and percentage of RBCs is taken

Hematocrit (hemat/o = blood, -crit = count/judge/guage)

an undifferentiated blood cell is called an

Hematopoetic stem cell (when stem cells have not yet changed into mature forms they are are categorized "diffrentiated")

term meaning "bone marrow cell; gives rise to many types of blood cells"

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

(this procedure employs) Undifferentiated blood cells from a donor, infused into a patient being treated for leukemia or aplastic anemia

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of factor VIII or IX

Hemophilia (hem/o = blood, -philiac = pert to a "tendency" toward) Hemophiliac - tends to bleed.

reduction of hemoglobin ("color")

Hypochromic (hypo- = decreased, chrom/o = color, -ic = pert to.)

Chapter Goals

Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of blood. Differentiate among the different types of blood groups. Identify terms related to blood clotting. Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology.

leukemia

Increased in cancerous white blood cells

term meaning "leukocyte formed in lymph tissue; produces antibodies

LYMPHOcyte (produced in Lymph tissues)

pernicious anemia

Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

Leuk/o White -apheresis removal, a carrying away -blast immature cell, embryonic -globulin protein -globin protein -phoresis carrying, transmission anis unequal chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawm, rosey erythr/o red myel/o bone marrow poikil/o varied, irregular sider/o iron -poiesis formation bas/o base (alkaline, the opposite of acid) granul/o granules hem/o blood hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o same, equal kary/o nucleus mon/o one, single morph/o shape, form neutr/o neutral (neither base nor acid) nucle/o nucleus phag/o eat, swallow spher/o globe, round thromb/o clot -cytosis abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells) -emia blood condition -globulin protein -lytic pertaining to destruction -oid derived from -osis abnormal condition -penia deficiency -phage eat, swallow -philia attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) -stasis stop, control Electrophoresis Method of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge Hemochromatosis Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body Excessive bleeding caused by haredetary lack of one of the protein substances (either factor VIII of factor IX) Hemophilia Multiple pinpoint hemorrhage and accumulation of blood under the skin Purpura Leukemia Increase in cancerous white blood cells Granulocytosis An abnormally large number of granulocytes in the blood. Mononucleosis An infectious disease marked by increased number of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes Multiple myeloma A malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow CBC Complete Blood (cell) Count RBC Red Blood Cell Count WBC White Blood Cell Apheresis Separation of blood into component parts and removal of select part from the blood Hematopoetic stem cell transplant Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into a recipient's vein. Anemia- A reduction in the concentration of hemoglobin or erythrocytes in the blood to levels below normal. Aplastic Pertaining to aplasia; anatomically undeveloped from the stem cell or primordium. Hemolytic Producing, pertaining to, or characterized by hemolysis. Sickle cell A heredetary conditioned by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes Antigens Foreign material that invades the body and simulates the production of an antibody. Thalassemia Inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin Hematocrit Sample of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and percentage of RBCs is taken Sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin Iron-deficiency anemia White blood cell with reddish granules; numbers increase in allergic reactions Eosinophil

Leuk/o White -apheresis removal, a carrying away -blast immature cell, embryonic -globulin protein -globin protein -phoresis carrying, transmission anis unequal chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawm, rosey erythr/o red myel/o bone marrow poikil/o varied, irregular sider/o iron -poiesis formation bas/o base (alkaline, the opposite of acid) granul/o granules hem/o blood hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o same, equal kary/o nucleus mon/o one, single morph/o shape, form neutr/o neutral (neither base nor acid) nucle/o nucleus phag/o eat, swallow spher/o globe, round thromb/o clot -cytosis abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells) -emia blood condition -globulin protein -lytic pertaining to destruction -oid derived from -osis abnormal condition -penia deficiency -phage eat, swallow -philia attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) -stasis stop, control Electrophoresis Method of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge Hemochromatosis Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body Excessive bleeding caused by haredetary lack of one of the protein substances (either factor VIII of factor IX) Hemophilia Multiple pinpoint hemorrhage and accumulation of blood under the skin Purpura Leukemia Increase in cancerous white blood cells Granulocytosis An abnormally large number of granulocytes in the blood. Mononucleosis An infectious disease marked by increased number of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes Multiple myeloma A malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow CBC Complete Blood (cell) Count RBC Red Blood Cell Count WBC White Blood Cell Apheresis Separation of blood into component parts and removal of select part from the blood Hematopoetic stem cell transplant Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into a recipient's vein. Anemia- A reduction in the concentration of hemoglobin or erythrocytes in the blood to levels below normal. Aplastic Pertaining to aplasia; anatomically undeveloped from the stem cell or primordium. Hemolytic Producing, pertaining to, or characterized by hemolysis. Sickle cell A heredetary conditioned by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes Antigens Foreign material that invades the body and simulates the production of an antibody. Thalassemia Inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin Hematocrit Sample of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and percentage of RBCs is taken Sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin Iron-deficiency anemia White blood cell with reddish granules; numbers increase in allergic reactions Eosinophil

Cell Types and Function (cont'd)

Leukocytes: or white blood cells basophils: contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses) eosinophils: phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections neutrophils: phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection monocytes: phagocytic cells that become macrophage and digest bacteria and tissue debris lymphocytes: control the immune response; make antibodies to antigens

multiple myeloma

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

partial thromboplastin time(PTT)

Measures the presence of plasma factors that act in a portion of the coagulation pathway

increase in numbers of SMALL cells

Microcytosis (micro = small, cytosis = condition of cells)

bone marrow biopsy

Microscopic exam of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

red blood cell morphology

Microscopic exam of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells

purpura

Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

term meaning "leukocyte (poly) formed in bone marrow and having NEUTRAL-staining granules

Neutrophil(s)

red blood cell count(RBC)

Number of erythrocytes per cubin millimeter or microliter of blood

white blood cell count(WBC)

Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter

platelet count

Number of platelets per cubic millimeter(mm3) or microliter of blood

hematocrit (Hct)

Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

white blood cell differential

Percentage of the WBC made up by different types of leukocytes

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donar are administered inot a recipient's vein

NAME THAT ANEMIA! Lack of mature red cells - due to - inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

Pernicious Anemia (pernicious = highly injurous or destructive)

Plasma

Plasma Proteins albumin globulins: immunoglobulins (IgG,IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) fibrinogen prothrombin What are fibrinogen and prothrombin? (Clotting proteins) What does albumin do? (Maintains the proper proportion and concentration of water in the blood) What are globulins? (Another part of the blood containing plasma proteins: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins) What are immunoglobulins? (Antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens or foreign substances, ie., IgG, IgA)

a disorder of Red Blood Cell MORPHOLOGY is

Poikilocytosis (abnormally formed red blood cells characteristic of various anemias)

A stained blood smear is examined to determine the shape of individual red blood cells, this test/exam is called...?

RBC Morphology

blood smear is examined to determine the shape or form (morphology) of cells.

Red blood cell morphology (study of shape/change)

hemolytic anemia

Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction

apheresis

Seperation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

antiglobulin test

Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

prothrombin time (PT)

Test of the ability of blood to clot

NAME THAT ANEMIA! Inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin.

Thalassemia (aka: Mediterranean anemia )

QUICK QUIZ:

The blood contains the following to transport oxygen: white blood cells plasma platelets red blood cells Correct answer is D: red blood cells

bleeding time

Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound

coagulation time

Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)

Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

Blood Types

Type A: A antigen and anti-B antibody Type B: B antigen and anti-A antibody Type AB: A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient) Type O: no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor) Rh factor (positive and negative) Why is blood type matching important for transfusions? What is Rh factor? What is the difference between Rh-positive and Rh-negative? Why is blood type matching important for identification of pregnancy? (Most people are Rh positive so problem arises with Rh negative mother with Rh positive fetus.)

leukocytes are stained and counted under a microscope to see numbers of mature and immature forms

WBC differential (differential is the change which occurs as cells mature from their immature forms)

QUICK QUIZ:

What is the most common type of anemia? hemolytic anemia sickle cell anemia iron deficiency anemia aplastic anemia Correct answer is C: iron deficiency anemia (see p. 498 of text)

blood transfusion

Whole blood or cells are taken from a donar and infused into a patient

-osis

abnormal condition

-cytosis

abnormal condition of cells(increase in cells)

albumin - Protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood. antibody- Protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it. antigen -Substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody. basophil - White blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histaine and heparin. bilirubin-Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die. coagulation -Blood clotting. colony-stimulating factor- Protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes). differentiation- Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization. electrophoresis -Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge. Eosinophil -White blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions. Erythrocyte -Red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood. Erythropoietin -Hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation. fibrin -Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot. fibrinogen -Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process. globulin -Plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples. granulocyte -Whtie blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil. Hemoglobin -Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells. Hemolysis -Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells). heparin - Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells. immunoglobulin -Protein (globulin) wth antibody activity; examples are IgC, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD. Immun/o means protection. leukocyte -White blood cell. Lymphocyte -Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies. Macrophage -Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. Megakaryocyte -Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow. Monocyte -Leukocyte with one large nucleaus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues. Mononuclear -Pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleaus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes. Neutrophil -Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Plasma -Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins. Plasmapheresis -Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma. Platelet -Small blood fragment that collects at sites of inury to begin th clotting process. Prothrombin -Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process. Reticulocyte -Immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes. Rh factor -Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (Rh+) individuals. The factor was first indentified in the blood of a rhesus monkey. Serum -Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors. Stem cells -Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells. Thrombin -Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation. Thrombocyte -Platelet. bas/o - base chrom/o - color coagul/o -clotting cyt/o -cell eosin/o - red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red granul/o - granules hem/o -blood hemat/o - blood hemoglobin/o -hemoglobin is/o -same/equal kary/o-nucleus leuk/o -white mon/o -one, single morph/o - shape, form myel/o- bone marrow neutr/o - neutral nucle/o- nucleus phag/o- eat, swallow poikil/o - varied, irregular sider/o- iron spher/o - globe, round thromb/o- clot -apheresis removal, a carrying away -blast immature cell, embryonic -cytosis abnormal condition of cells -emia blood condition -globin protein -globulin protein -lytic pertaining to destruction -oid derived from -osis abnormal condition -penia deficiency -phage eat, swallow -philia attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) -phoresis carrying, transmission -poiesis formation -stasis stop/control Anisocytosis - Cells are unequal in size Hypochromia - Cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin) Macrocytosis - Cells are large Microcytosis - Cells are small Poikilocytosis -Cells are irregularly shaped Spherocytosis-Cells are rounded

albumin - Protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood. antibody- Protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it. antigen -Substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody. basophil - White blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histaine and heparin. bilirubin-Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die. coagulation -Blood clotting. colony-stimulating factor- Protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes). differentiation- Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization. electrophoresis -Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge. Eosinophil -White blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions. Erythrocyte -Red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood. Erythropoietin -Hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation. fibrin -Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot. fibrinogen -Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process. globulin -Plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples. granulocyte -Whtie blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil. Hemoglobin -Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells. Hemolysis -Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells). heparin - Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells. immunoglobulin -Protein (globulin) wth antibody activity; examples are IgC, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD. Immun/o means protection. leukocyte -White blood cell. Lymphocyte -Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies. Macrophage -Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. Megakaryocyte -Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow. Monocyte -Leukocyte with one large nucleaus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues. Mononuclear -Pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleaus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes. Neutrophil -Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Plasma -Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins. Plasmapheresis -Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma. Platelet -Small blood fragment that collects at sites of inury to begin th clotting process. Prothrombin -Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process. Reticulocyte -Immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes. Rh factor -Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (Rh+) individuals. The factor was first indentified in the blood of a rhesus monkey. Serum -Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors. Stem cells -Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells. Thrombin -Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation. Thrombocyte -Platelet. bas/o - base chrom/o - color coagul/o -clotting cyt/o -cell eosin/o - red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red granul/o - granules hem/o -blood hemat/o - blood hemoglobin/o -hemoglobin is/o -same/equal kary/o-nucleus leuk/o -white mon/o -one, single morph/o - shape, form myel/o- bone marrow neutr/o - neutral nucle/o- nucleus phag/o- eat, swallow poikil/o - varied, irregular sider/o- iron spher/o - globe, round thromb/o- clot -apheresis removal, a carrying away -blast immature cell, embryonic -cytosis abnormal condition of cells -emia blood condition -globin protein -globulin protein -lytic pertaining to destruction -oid derived from -osis abnormal condition -penia deficiency -phage eat, swallow -philia attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) -phoresis carrying, transmission -poiesis formation -stasis stop/control Anisocytosis - Cells are unequal in size Hypochromia - Cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin) Macrocytosis - Cells are large Microcytosis - Cells are small Poikilocytosis -Cells are irregularly shaped Spherocytosis-Cells are rounded

foreign material that invades the body

antigens

Laboratory Blood Tests

antiglobulin test bleeding time coagulation time complete blood count (CBC) erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) hematocrit (Hct) hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB) partial thromboplastin time (PTT What is a normal coagulation time? (Less than 15 minutes) What is the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma? (ESR or sed rate) What test finds the total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood? (hemoglobin test)

the separation of blood into it's components is called ?

apheresis (-apheresis = removal, carry away), usually termed as plasmapheresis

Clinical Procedures

apheresis: Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood blood transfusion: Whole blood or cells taken from a donor and infused into a patient bone marrow biopsy: Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor administered into a recipient's vein What is plasma exchange? (A procedure in which plasma is removed from the patient and fresh plasma is given) What is autologous transfusion? (The collection and later reinfusion of a patient's own blood or blood components) What is a bone marrow aspirate? (When bone marrow is removed by brief suction produced by a syringe)

-philia

attraction for

Combining Forms and Terminology

bas/o base chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red

Review Sheet (cont'd)

bas/o base chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red

bas/o base chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red granul/o granules hem/o, hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o equal; same kary/o nucleus leuk/o white mon/o single; one morph/o form; shape myel/o bone marrow neutr/o neutral nucle/o nucleus phag/o eat; swallow poikil/o varried; irregular sider/o iron spher/o round, globe thromb/o clot -apheresis removal, a carrying away -blast immature cell, embryonic -cytosis abnormal condition of cell (increase in cells) -emia blood condition -globin protein -globulin protein -lytic pertaining to destruction -oid derived from -osis abnormal condition -penia deficiency -phage eat, swallow -philia attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) -phoresis carrying , transmission -poiesis formation -stasis stop, control

bas/o base chrom/o color coagul/o clotting cyt/o cell eosin/o red, dawn, rosy erythr/o red granul/o granules hem/o, hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o equal; same kary/o nucleus leuk/o white mon/o single; one morph/o form; shape myel/o bone marrow neutr/o neutral nucle/o nucleus phag/o eat; swallow poikil/o varried; irregular sider/o iron spher/o round, globe thromb/o clot -apheresis removal, a carrying away -blast immature cell, embryonic -cytosis abnormal condition of cell (increase in cells) -emia blood condition -globin protein -globulin protein -lytic pertaining to destruction -oid derived from -osis abnormal condition -penia deficiency -phage eat, swallow -philia attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) -phoresis carrying , transmission -poiesis formation -stasis stop, control

pigment produced from hemogloblin when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis)

bilirubin

The time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding is called ?

bleeding time test

-emia

blood condition

-phoresis

carrying, transmission

Composition of Blood

cells plasma water proteins sugar salts hormones vitamins What are cells? (Formed elements, suspended in a clear, straw-colored liquid called plasma.) What percentage of blood volume do cells constitute? (45%. The other 55% are items listed here.)

venous blood is clotted in a test tube to measure...?

coagulation time (15-20 minutes is the normal range)

-penia

deficiency

-oid

derived from

-phage

eat, swallow

increase in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions

eosinophilia (eosin/o - red, dawn, rosy) (-philia = attraction, tendency, increase in cells)

white blood cell with reddish granules, numbers INCREASE in allergic reactions

eosinopohil

an immature red blood cell is a...?

erythroblast (erythr/o = red, -blast = immature cell)

A "Red Blood Cell"

erythrocyte (erythr/o = red, -cyte = cell)

deficiency in numbers of RBCs

erythrocytopenia (erythr/o = red, cyt/o = cell, -penia = deficiency)

formation of red cells (as from the bone marrow)

erythropoiesis (erythr/o = red, -poiesis = formation)

-poiesis

formation

Terminology

granul/o granules hem/o blood hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o same, equal kary/o nucleus

Diseases of White Blood Cells

granulocytosis: Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood mononucleosis: An infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes How is mononucleosis usually transmitted? (By oral contact) Is treatment necessary for EBV infections? (No) What is eosinophilia? (An increase in eosinophilic granulocytes, seen in certain allergic conditions)

this test measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

hematocrit

excessive deposits of iron throughout the body

hemochromatosis (hem/o = blood, chromat/o = colored, -osis = abnormal condition)

destruction of red cells

hemolysis (hem/o = blood, -lysis = destruction / separation / breakdown

Breakdown of recipient's red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed

hemolysis (hemo = blood, -lysis)

NAME THAT ANEMIA! Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction.

hemolytic anemia (hemo = blood, -lytic = pert to breakdown/separation/destruction)

Disorders of Blood Clotting

hemophilia: Excessive bleeding caused by the lack of one of the protein substances necessary for blood clotting purpura: Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin What is a treatment for hemophilia? (Administration of the deficient factor) What is autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura? (A condition in which a patient's body makes an antibody that destroys platelets)

anticoagulant found in the blood

heparin - the body's natural anticoagulant

how many types of 5 different types of mature leukocytes Basophil Esonophil Neutrophil Monocyte Lympocyte 3 types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes Basophil Esonophil Neutrophil 2 types of mononuclear agranulocytic leukocytes monocytes lymphocytes Eosin eosinphils- contain dark granules that stain with dark red (eosin)dye.they increase in allergic reactions and engulf substances tat trigger the allergies. neutrophils they contain dye that is clear or neutral.they are phagocytes (phag/o means to eat)they are found@ sites of infection where they eat and destroy bacteria lymphocytes controls thh immune response;makes antibodies to antigens monocytes phag/o (eat digest) phagocytic cell that becomes a macrophage and digests bacteria and tissue debris (contains one lrg nucleus) CSF colony-stimulating-factors ,these promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow Four major plasma protiens albumin,globulins, fibrinogen,prothrombin albumin maintains the proper portion and concentration and water in the blood. edema results when.. too much fluid from the blood "leaks" out of the tissues. globulins are another component of blood and plasma proteins. immunoglobulins antibodies that bind ti and sometime destroy antigens.

how many types of 5 different types of mature leukocytes Basophil Esonophil Neutrophil Monocyte Lympocyte 3 types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes Basophil Esonophil Neutrophil 2 types of mononuclear agranulocytic leukocytes monocytes lymphocytes Eosin eosinphils- contain dark granules that stain with dark red (eosin)dye.they increase in allergic reactions and engulf substances tat trigger the allergies. neutrophils they contain dye that is clear or neutral.they are phagocytes (phag/o means to eat)they are found@ sites of infection where they eat and destroy bacteria lymphocytes controls thh immune response;makes antibodies to antigens monocytes phag/o (eat digest) phagocytic cell that becomes a macrophage and digests bacteria and tissue debris (contains one lrg nucleus) CSF colony-stimulating-factors ,these promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow Four major plasma protiens albumin,globulins, fibrinogen,prothrombin albumin maintains the proper portion and concentration and water in the blood. edema results when.. too much fluid from the blood "leaks" out of the tissues. globulins are another component of blood and plasma proteins. immunoglobulins antibodies that bind ti and sometime destroy antigens.

-blast

immature cell, embryonic

NAME THAT ANEMIA! Sideropenia occurs, causing deficient production of hemoglobin.

iron-deficiency anemia (sideropenia - low iron anemia)

Combining Forms and Terminology

leuk/o white mon/o one, single morph/o shape, form myel/o bone marrow neutr/o neutral nucle/o nucleus

Review Sheet (cont'd)

leuk/o white mon/o one, single morph/o shape, form myel/o bone marrow neutr/o neutral nucle/o nucleus

Diseases of White Blood Cells

leukemia: An increase in cancerous white blood cells acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) What are characteristics of acute leukemia? What form of leukemia is most often in children and adolescents? (ALL) What form of leukemia usually occurs in the elderly and follows a slowly progressive course? (CLL)

increase in numbers of LARGE cells

macrocytosis (macro- = large, cytosis = condition of cells)

(type of cell) "white blood cell; phagocyte, and is a precursor of a macrophage"

monocyte (mon/o = one, single) (-cyte = cell, in this case, the nucleus)

Disease of Bone Marrow Cells

multiple myeloma: Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. Malignant cells destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins. The malignant cells destroy bone tissue and cause the overproduction of immunoglobulins, including Bence Jones protein. What is Bence Jones protein? (An immunoglobulin fragment found in urine) How is this treated?

derived from bone marrow

myeloid (myel = bone marrow, -oid = derived/resembling)

Deficiency in numbers of white blood cells (in this case, a deficiency of neutrophils)

neutropenia

relieving, but not curing

pallative

deficiency of ALL blood cells

pancytopenia (pan- = all, cyt/o = cell, -penia = deficiency)

-lytic

pertaining to destruction

Terminology

phag/o eat, swallow poikil/o varied, irregular sider/o iron spher/o globe, round thromb/o clot

term meaning "thrombocyte"

platelet

this test determines the number of clotting cells per cubic millimeter

platelet count

Laboratory Blood Tests (cont'd)

platelet count prothrombin time (PT) red blood cell count (RBC) red blood cell morphology white blood cell count (WBC) white blood cell differential

concerning blood cells, this is a term for "irregularity in shape"

poikilocytosis

erythremia (characterized by an increase in total blood volume and viscosity and typically accompanied by nosebleed, headache, dizziness, weakness, etc)

polycythemia vera

-globin

protein

-globulin

protein

protein threads that form the basis of a clot are called fibrin a laboratory test where venous blood is clotted in a test tube coagulation time derived from bone marrow myeloid the blood type that contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies type A The blood type that contains A and B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies Type AB how to determine the number of clotting cells per cubic millimeter Platelet count the test that measures the time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding bleeding time a condition where sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin is called iron deficiency anemia a condition of a reduction in red blood cells due to excessive cell destruction is called hemolytic anemia a condition where a failure of blood cell production is due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow aplastic anemia an inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin is called thalassemia when the symptoms of a disease return is called relapse when the symptoms of a disease disappear remission when there are multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and blood accumulates under the skin is called purpura a deficiency of all red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets pancytopenia a red blood cell is erythrocyte a white cell formed in lymph, it is a phagocyte and precursor of a macrophage is called monocyte a thrombocyte is a (an) platelet the pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed is called bilirubin an undifferentiated blood cell is called a (an) stem cell

protein threads that form the basis of a clot are called fibrin a laboratory test where venous blood is clotted in a test tube coagulation time derived from bone marrow myeloid the blood type that contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies type A The blood type that contains A and B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies Type AB how to determine the number of clotting cells per cubic millimeter Platelet count the test that measures the time it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding bleeding time a condition where sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin is called iron deficiency anemia a condition of a reduction in red blood cells due to excessive cell destruction is called hemolytic anemia a condition where a failure of blood cell production is due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow aplastic anemia an inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin is called thalassemia when the symptoms of a disease return is called relapse when the symptoms of a disease disappear remission when there are multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and blood accumulates under the skin is called purpura a deficiency of all red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets pancytopenia a red blood cell is erythrocyte a white cell formed in lymph, it is a phagocyte and precursor of a macrophage is called monocyte a thrombocyte is a (an) platelet the pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed is called bilirubin an undifferentiated blood cell is called a (an) stem cell

MULTIPLE pinpoint hemorrhages (multiple petechiae formations)

purpura (characterized by patches of purplish discoloration resulting from extravasation of blood into the skin and mucous membranes)

symptoms of disease return is called _______?

relapse

symptoms of disease disappear the patient is in ______?

remission

-apheresis

removal, a carrying away

venous blood is collected; anti-coagulant added and the distance cells FALL in period of time is determined in this test...

sedimentation rate

Types of Anemia (cont'd)

sickle cell: a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis thalassemia: an inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin hemochromatosis: excess iron deposits throughout the body polycythemia vera: general increase in red blood cells Persons of what background are prone to thalassemia? (Mediterranean) Sickle cell is prevalent among which group? (Black people of African or African-American ancestry) Why? (Sickling is a genetic response to malaria.) What treatment is used for polycythemia vera? How is this similar to doping?

-stasis

stop, control

(this test) Determines the numbers of different types of WBCs

the WBC Differential

Suffixes

-apheresis -blast -cyte -cytosis -emia -globin -globulin -lytic -oid -osis -penia -phage -philia -phoresis -poiesis -stasis

sickle cell anemia

A hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis

NAME THAT ANEMIA! Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow.

APLASTIC ANEMIA - (aplastic = not exhibiting growth or change in structure)(anemia = a condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume)

granulocytosis

Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

symptoms of pallor, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding gums, predominance of immature and abnormally functioning leukocytes, and low numbers of mature neutrophils in a young child may indicate a likely diagnosis of

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (aka: ALL) marked by an abnormal increase in the number of lymphoblasts, characterized by rapid onset and progression of symptoms on front flap of this flashcard.

Acute Leukemia

Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia The terms acute and chronic discriminate between leukemias of primarily immature and mature leukocytes.

mononucleosis

An infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

thalassemia

An inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background

Diseases of Red Blood Cells

Anemia: Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin Other types of anemia: aplastic anemia hemolytic anemia pernicious anemia sickle cell anemia thalassemia

Answer White blood cell with reddish granules; numbers increase i allergic reactions: eosinophil protein threads that form the basis of a clot fibrin method of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge: leukapheresis foreign material that invades the body antigens pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed bilirubin an undifferentiated blood cell is calleda(an) hematopoietic stem cell anticoagulant found in the blood heparin a disorder of red blood cell morphology is poikiloctosis deficiency in numbers of white blood cells erthroblast derived from bone marrow myeloid breakdown of recipient's red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed hemolysis sideropenia occurs causeing deficient production of hemoglobin iron-deficiency anemia reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction hemolytic anemia failure of blood cell production due to absence of fromation of cells in the bone marrow aplastic anemia inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin thalassemia lack of mature red cells due to inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body pernicious anemia excessive deposits of iron throughout the body hemochromatosis symptoms of pallor, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding gums, predominance of immature and abnormally functioning leukocytes, and low numbers of mature neutrophils in a young child may indicate a likely diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of factor VIII or IX hemophilia venous blood is clotted in a test tube coagulation time sample of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and precentage of RBS's is taken hematocrit blood smear is examined to determine the shape or form of cells red blood cell morphology leukocytes are stained and counted under a microscope to see numbers of mature and immature forms white blood cell differential venous blood is collected; anti-coagulant added and the distance cells fall in a period of time is determined erythrocyte sedimentation rate blood protein that maintains the proper proportion and concentration of water in blood albumin swelling; fluid leaks out into tissue spaces edema IgM,IgG, IgA, IgD,IgE immunoglobulins symptoms of disease return relapse relieving symptons, but not curing disease palliative deiciency of clotting cells thrombocytopenia process of coltting coagulation large cell that engulfs foreign material and worn out red cells macrophage white blood cell that destroys foreign material by phagocytosis neutrophil blood protein albumin lack of mature red cells owing to inability to absorb vitamin B12 pernicious anemia relieving symptoms but not curing palliative produced in bone marrow myelogenous a protein with antibody activity immunoglobulin increase in red blood cells polycythemia vera plasma minas clotting protein and cells serum deficiency of white blood cells leukocytopenia formation of bone marrow cells myelopoiesis substance that prevents clotting anticoagulant pretaining to destruction of clots thrombolytic

Answer White blood cell with reddish granules; numbers increase i allergic reactions: eosinophil protein threads that form the basis of a clot fibrin method of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge: leukapheresis foreign material that invades the body antigens pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed bilirubin an undifferentiated blood cell is calleda(an) hematopoietic stem cell anticoagulant found in the blood heparin a disorder of red blood cell morphology is poikiloctosis deficiency in numbers of white blood cells erthroblast derived from bone marrow myeloid breakdown of recipient's red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed hemolysis sideropenia occurs causeing deficient production of hemoglobin iron-deficiency anemia reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction hemolytic anemia failure of blood cell production due to absence of fromation of cells in the bone marrow aplastic anemia inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin thalassemia lack of mature red cells due to inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body pernicious anemia excessive deposits of iron throughout the body hemochromatosis symptoms of pallor, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding gums, predominance of immature and abnormally functioning leukocytes, and low numbers of mature neutrophils in a young child may indicate a likely diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of factor VIII or IX hemophilia venous blood is clotted in a test tube coagulation time sample of blood is spun in a test tube so that red cells fall to the bottom and precentage of RBS's is taken hematocrit blood smear is examined to determine the shape or form of cells red blood cell morphology leukocytes are stained and counted under a microscope to see numbers of mature and immature forms white blood cell differential venous blood is collected; anti-coagulant added and the distance cells fall in a period of time is determined erythrocyte sedimentation rate blood protein that maintains the proper proportion and concentration of water in blood albumin swelling; fluid leaks out into tissue spaces edema IgM,IgG, IgA, IgD,IgE immunoglobulins symptoms of disease return relapse relieving symptons, but not curing disease palliative deiciency of clotting cells thrombocytopenia process of coltting coagulation large cell that engulfs foreign material and worn out red cells macrophage white blood cell that destroys foreign material by phagocytosis neutrophil blood protein albumin lack of mature red cells owing to inability to absorb vitamin B12 pernicious anemia relieving symptoms but not curing palliative produced in bone marrow myelogenous a protein with antibody activity immunoglobulin increase in red blood cells polycythemia vera plasma minas clotting protein and cells serum deficiency of white blood cells leukocytopenia formation of bone marrow cells myelopoiesis substance that prevents clotting anticoagulant pretaining to destruction of clots thrombolytic

Types of Anemia

Aplastic anemia: failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells Hemolytic anemia: reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction Pernicious anemia: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

(procedure where) Blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient

Autologous Transfusion

term meaning "leukocyte whose granules have an affinity for BASIC stain; releases histamine and heparin

Basophil(s)

QUICK QUIZ: (cont'd)

Blood contains these clotting cells: erythrocytes plasma thrombocytes leukocytes Correct answer is C: thrombocytes

Introduction

Blood: Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body Other transported items: chemical messengers blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets What do white blood cells do? (Fight infection) What do platelets do? (help the blood clot) What is the medical term for WBC? (leukocyte) What is the medical term for platelet? (thrombocyte)

(procedure where a) Needle is introduced into the bone marrow cavity, and a small amount of marrow is aspirated and then examined under the microscope

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Review Sheet (cont'd)

COMBINING FORMS granul/o granules hem/o blood hemat/o blood hemoglobin/o hemoglobin is/o same, equal kary/o nucleus

Review Sheet (cont'd)

COMBINING FORMS phag/o eat, swallow poikil/o varied, irregular sider/o iron spher/o globe, round thromb/o clot

(this test) Determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia

COOMBS TEST