Chapter 13

Which statements about outcome in expectancy theory are true? (Check all that apply.)

A given performance may have more than one outcome. Outcome is something that follows a person's performance.

______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.

Alderfer's ERG theory

Which statement about McClelland's needs theory is true?

Different needs predominate for different people.

What is the best way to get employees to accept their work goals?

Employees should participate in setting work goals.

______ theory states that people assess how fairly they have been treated according to two key factors: outcomes and inputs.

Equity

______ theory of motivation proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and job dissatisfaction results from the lack of hygiene factors.

Herzberg's

Which of the following statements about expectancy is true?

High expectancies create higher motivation than do low expectancies.

Which of the following statements about goal setting is true?

It can generate manipulative or unethical behavior.

Which statement about setting your own goals is true?

It is a powerful tool for self-management.

Which statement about goal setting is correct?

It works for any job in which people have control over their performance.

Which of the following are implications of the expectancy theory? (Check all that apply.)

Managers need to increase expectancies. Managers need to make performance instrumental toward positive outcomes. Managers need to positively identify valent outcomes.

______ organizes human needs into a hierarchy of five major types.

Maslow's need hierarchy

______ is the need or desire to influence or control other people

Power

______ is the need or desire to influence or control other people.

Power

What are effective ways to offer feedback to employees on their performance? (Check all that apply.)

Provide statistics on work that the employee has directly influenced Conduct performance reviews regularly

What can a manufacturing firm do to encourage customers to contact them directly with feedback?

Put the firm's phone number on the product.

______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.

Quality of work life

Which of the following are positive, effective ways people can restore equity when they feel they are being treated inequitably?

Work harder or put forth more effort. Change perceptions of inputs or outcomes.

Quality of work life includes Blank______.

a chance for personal growth

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

a pay raise

Which are behaviors exhibited by dissatisfied workers in a workplace? (Check all that apply.)

absenteeism high turnover lower productivity

Goals should not conflict with people's personal values. In other words, goals should be Blank______ to employees.

acceptable

According to McClelland, most managers in the United States have high levels of need for Blank______ and like to see it in their employees.

achievement

The need for Blank______ is characterized by a strong orientation toward accomplishment.

achievement

What are the three needs identified by McClelland as being critical to motivating people?

achievement affiliation power

The need for Blank______ is demonstrated when a person is concerned with establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations and being liked.

affiliation

The need for Blank______ reflects a strong desire to be liked by other people.

affiliation

Acceptable, maximally motivating goals are challenging and Blank______.

attainable

Employees who are engaged tend to Blank______. (Select all that apply)

be more productive exhibit citizenship behaviors take more initiative

Which of the following does NOT belong in the eight categories of quality of life?

contractualism

The process of sharing power with employees is called Blank______.

empowerment

When managers practice Blank______, they will enhance their employees' confidence in their ability to perform their jobs and their belief that they are influential contributors to the organization.

empowerment

It's important to know that empowerment can lead to higher levels of Blank______.

engagement

Job Blank______ involves giving people additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom.

enlargement

According to Blank______ theory, people compare the ratio of their outcomes to inputs against the outcome-to-input ratio of some comparison person. Multiple choice question.

equity

What are the three needs identified in Alderfer's theory of motivation?

existence relatedness growth

A theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome is called Blank______ theory.

expectancy

In expectancy theory, Blank______ refers to a person's perception of whether his efforts will lead to attainment of the performance goal.

expectancy

Lavonne believes that if she works hard, her manager will realize she is management material and promote her. Devonte, however, thinks he will not be promoted no matter how hard he works. Lavonne and Devonte's beliefs reflect Blank______ theory.

expectancy

Among the different consequences of behavior, Blank______ is defined as withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence.

extinction

True or false: Assessments of equity are made objectively.

false

Fear causes people to do which of the following? (Check all that apply.)

focus on themselves rather than the group or organization focus on the short term

Which of the following would NOT be considered an innovative way for managers to reward employees?

forced overtime

Which of the following provide intrinsic motivation?

helping a coworker achieve a difficult task a chance to work on an interesting project a challenging problem

For motivation to be high, expectancy, instrumentalities, and total valence of all outcomes must be Blank______.

high

According to expectancy theory, a person will be highly motivated if which of the following conditions exist?

high valence + high instrumentality + high expectancy

According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, well-designed jobs lead to which of the following results? (Check all that apply.)

high-quality performance high satisfaction high motivation

Expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and Blank______ are crucial to motivate employees.

identifying positively valent outcomes

If people work in a group, and cooperation is essential, Blank______ performance goals can be dysfunctional by creating competition among team members.

individual

A(n) Blank______ reward is a reward the person derives directly from performing the job itself.

intrinsic

With job enlargement, a person Blank______.

is given additional tasks to perform at the same time that are at the same level of responsibility

Jun is an entry-level employee, but she wants to one day become a director. She knows she must work her way up through many levels, but she also knows she can reach her goal if she works hard and learns as much as she can. Jun is driven by Blank______.

motivation

The forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort is known as Blank______.

motivation

According to Herzberg, satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job are caused by what two factors?

motivators hygiene factors

A personal statement of purpose should include which of the following? (Check all that apply.)

near-term objectives an inspiring distant vision a mid-distant goal

When reinforcement theory is applied in an organizational setting it is called Blank______.

organizational behavior modification

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is Blank______.

physiological

The Blank______ need in Maslow's hierarchy is exemplified by food, water, sex, and shelter.

physiological

Marie consistently tries to exert her control over coworkers. Marie has a high need for which of the three needs identified by McClelland?

power

Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called Blank______.

procedural justice

A set of perceptions of what employees owe their employer and what the employer owes them is called a(n) Blank______.

psychological contract

While the relationship between individuals and employing organizations typically is formalized by a written contract, there also exists a(n) Blank______ in employees' minds.

psychological contract

Managers who overuse Blank______ or use it inappropriately create a climate of fear and distrust in the workplace.

punishment

When employees violate the law, ethical standards, important safety rules, or standards of interpersonal treatment, Blank______ is sometimes appropriate.

punishment

Genzeba works in a warehouse. One week she fulfills orders, then the next week she processes incoming shipments. She has different tasks the following week, too. This is known as job Blank______. Multiple choice question. enrichment

rotation

Job Blank______ involves moving from one task to another to alleviate boredom.

rotation

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once a person's physiological needs are met, the individual moves to the Blank______ level.

safety or security

The general goal of quality of work life programs is to Blank______.

satisfy the full range of employee needs

According to Maslow, most of us will live our lives and work at jobs without fully reaching which need?

self-actualization

Maslow's need hierarchy includes which major needs? (Check all that apply.)

self-actualization esteem or ego physiological safety or security social or belongingness

Goals that are particularly demanding, sometimes even thought to be impossible, are called Blank______ goals.

stretch

Targets that are exceptionally demanding and that some people would never even think of are called Blank______.

stretch goals

Assessments of equity are Blank______ or beliefs.

subjective perceptions

When people perceive procedural fairness, they are more likely to Blank______.

support decisions makers

The result of empowerment is that people Blank______.

take initiative and persevere in achieving their goals

Which of the core job dimensions refers to the completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work?

task identity

The core job dimension of Blank______ refers to an important, positive impact on the lives of others.

task significance

According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, positive outcomes occur when people experience certain psychological states. Which of the following is NOT one of those psychological states?

the experience of low internal work motivation

True or false: People who feel inequitably treated can restore equity by behaviorally or perceptually changing inputs and outcomes.

true

Maslow's understanding of human motivation stated that Blank______.

unsatisfied needs will continue to motivate

Match the type of stretch goal to its definition.

vertical matches Choice aligned with current activities, including productivity and financial results horizontal matches Choice involve professional development, including learning new, difficult things

When it comes to self-actualization, Maslow stated that the average person Blank______.

will only attain a small percentage of his or her self-actualization potential

Job dissatisfaction is greatest among Blank______. (Check all that apply.)

workers aged 25 and younger lower wage earners

What are the contributions Maslow made in understanding human motivation? (Check all that apply.)

He identified important need categories. He identified helpful general levels of needs where lower levels must be satisfied before higher levels. He alerted managers to the importance of personal growth and self-actualization.

______ theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward an end.

Goal-setting

______ involves removing or withholding an undesirable consequence.

Negative reinforcement

Which statement about rewards is true?

Nonmonetary rewards can be effective.

______ tries to influence people's behavior and improve performance by systematically managing work conditions and the consequences of people's actions.

Organizational behavior modification

______ is a consequence that people receive for their actions.

Outcome

Identify the impacts of empowerment on employees. (Check all that apply.)

They perceive meaning in their work. The have a sense of self-determination. They feel capable of performing their jobs with skill.