Chapter 13 Endocrine System

An upregulated cell has an increase in BLANK

the number of receptors available for binding

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system BLANK

may have a longer lasting effect

A hormone is a BLANK and the target cell is BLANK

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, identify another symptom of hypoparathyroidism

muscle cramps

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

neurosecretory cells

A woman has a recent history of broken bones, ulcers, and kidney stones. Her physician finds that she has unusually high blood levels of calcium and immediately suspects that she is suffering from an excess of BLANK

parathyroid hormone

The hypothalamus uses nervous stimulation to control the secretion of hormones from which gland?

posterior pituitary

Which gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

posterior pituitary

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A disorder of the immune system

What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A tumor

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

ADH deficiency

Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to

Addison disease

What stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

What is a cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

An insensitivity of cells to insulin

Where are the target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones located?

Anterior pituitary gland

What do nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

Antidiuretic hormone

A secretion of a "local hormone" which affects only the cell secreting it, is what type of secretion?

Autocrine

A 78-year-old male takes human growth hormones supplements to regain the strength of his youth. Why might he be disappointed with the results?

Because GH decreases fat and increases muscle mass, but does not improve strength.

How can a hormone have effects on some cells but not on other cells?

Because target cell receptors are unique for each hormone

Which of the following will increase as a result to stress?

Blood pressure

How does a nonsteroid hormone act on its target cell?

By causing synthesis of a second messenger

What hormone stimulates calcium deposition into bone?

Calcitonin

Why is cortisol useful in controlling inflammatory reactions?

Cortisol decreases the permeability of capillaries

Which of the following would stimulate the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland?

Darkness

What is a result of Addison disease?

Decreased blood sodium levels

The use of erythropoietin (EPO) is banned for use by Olympic and professional athletes. Why would an athlete what to take EPO?

EPO increases the number of red blood cells

What is an action of growth hormone?

Enhances. the movement of amino acids into cells

Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine

What hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood due to low red blood cell count?

Erythropoietin

Diane has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes physiological effects she likely experiences?

Fatty acids and ketone bodies will accumulate in her blood if she forgets/refuses her treatment

A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that results in low estrogen production, causing her to skip menstrual periods and not to ovulate. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

What is a common symptom of Graves' Disease?

Goiter

Decreasing levels of which hormone are associated with the declining strength that occurs with aging in the skeletal and muscular systems?

Growth hormone

Dave has diabetes mellitus. If untreated, which of the following describes how the disease affects his bodily fluids?

His urine has high osmotic pressure

Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of what condition?

Hyperthyroidism

What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome.

Hypothalamus

Concentration of growth hormone is not constant throughout life. When do fluctuations in blood levels occur?

Increases at puberty and levels off after adolescence

Which of the following hormones is released when blood glucose levels are elevated?

Insulin

What is the effect of a steroid hormone binding to a receptor in a target cell?

It directly causes protein synthesis.

Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. What effect did alcohol have on the hormonal control of urination?

It inhibited secretion of ADH

What controls most hormone concentrations?

Negative feedback

Which of the following describes an example of how hormones are regulated?

One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Pancreas

Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects. neighboring cells in the same tissue?

Paracrine secretion

What gland produces melatonin?

Pineal gland

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

Prolactin

What can cause upregulation of a target cell's receptors?

Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone

What can cause downregulation of a target cell?

Prolonged elevated concentration of a hormone

What group of compounds is produced from a specific type of fatty acid and has powerful effects on cells and tissues?

Prosaglandins

What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell?

Protein receptors

Which of the following is true about steroid hormones?

Steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer

What makes a target cell for a hormone?

Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone

Declining levels of which hormones is/are associated with the increased susceptibility to infections that occurs with aging?

Thymosin

What hormone is involved with the development of immunity?

Thymosin

What endocrine gland secretes triiodothyronine?

Thyroid gland

An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?

Thyroid hormone

What is a function of hormones?

To stimulate growth, reproduction, and development

What is the action of cortisol?

To stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

Why is oxytocin administered to women during childbirth?

To stimulate uterine contractions

What is another name for antidiuretic hormone?

Vasopressin

Nonsteroid hormones cause BLANK in their target cells

activation of adenylate cyclase

Graves' disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by BLANK

an autoimmune disorder

The hypothalamus regulates the activities of the BLANK pituitary gland by BLANK

anterior; secreting hormones that inhibit or stimulate production of hormones

Chemically, hormones synthesized from BLANK are classified as steroid hormones and hormones synthesized from BLANK are classified as amines, peptides, or proteins

cholesterol; amino acids

What is the primary control for the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

concentration of blood calcium

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

conserve sodium and excrete potassium

Which of the following is a physiological stressor?

extreme heat

Dopamine, released from the BLANK, inhibits secretion of prolactin

hypothalamus

What are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized?

hypothalamus

The pancreatic hormones function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism. The pancreatic hormone BLANK lowers blood glucose levels, while BLANK raises blood glucose levels.

insulin; glucagon