Chapter 13 Example Questions
The vessel that serves the lower limb is the ________ artery. A) external iliac B) femoral C) tibial D) fibular E) dorsalis pedis
A) external iliac
The last third portion of the large intestine, including the rectum, receives blood from the ________. A) inferior mesenteric artery B) superior mesenteric artery C) celiac trunk D) left gastric artery E) lumbar artery
A) inferior mesenteric artery
The vessel that enters the skull to supply blood to the brain and the eyes is the ________. A) internal carotid artery B) external carotid artery C) basilar artery D) anterior cerebral artery E) middle cerebral artery
A) internal carotid artery
In general, for a vessel of a given size, a typical artery ________ compared to a typical vein. A) is more elastic B) has less smooth muscle in its tunica media C) has no endothelium D) has thinner walls E) has a larger lumen
A) is more elastic
Which of the following is(are) an anastomosis(es)? A) palmar arch B) digital arteries C) aortic arch D) intercostal arteries E) dural sinus
A) palmar arch
The pressure at which the pulse can first be heard corresponds to the ________ pressure. A) peak systolic B) peak diastolic C) mean arterial D) average pulse E) capillary hydrostatic
A) peak systolic
Which of the following monitors the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid? A) sensory neurons on the surface of the medulla oblongata B) sensory neurons found in the carotid bodies C) sensory neurons found in the aortic bodies D) sensory neurons in the walls of the right atrium E) sensory neurons in the walls of the carotid sinus
A) sensory neurons on the surface of the medulla oblongata
Angiotensin II elevates systemic blood pressure by A) triggering arteriole constriction. B) promoting the release of ANP. C) inhibiting aldosterone. D) promoting the excretion of sodium. E) inhibiting ADH.
A) triggering arteriole constriction.
Which of the following is(are) the only factor(s) that can be adjusted by the nervous or endocrine system to regulate blood flow? A) vascular resistance B) turbulence C) viscosity D) vascular resistance and viscosity E) turbulence and viscosity
A) vascular resistance
Which vessel type typically lacks a tunica media when its diameter is less than 50 μm? A) venules B) veins C) arterioles D) arteries E) capillaries
A) venules
Which of the following is a transport mechanism used to move materials across capillary walls? A) pinocytosis B) filtration C) venoconstriction D) endocytosis E) exocytosis
B) filtration
Supply the name of the missing vein from this sequence: superior mesenteric and splenic veins, ________, inferior vena cava. A) phrenic vein B) hepatic portal vein C) adrenal vein D) renal vein E) azygos vein
B) hepatic portal vein
In the respiratory pump process to increase venous return, inhalation results in a(n) ________ in the thoracic cavity, which causes the inferior vena cava and right atrium to expand and fill with blood. A) increase in pressure B) decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure C) increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure D) decrease in pressure E) decrease in valve functioning
D) decrease in pressure
If venous pressures in the venules range from 17-21 mm Hg and pressures in the venae cavae range from 2-4 mm Hg, what is the pressure range of the driving force pushing blood through the venous system? A) 2-4 mm Hg B) 13-19 mm Hg C) 15-17 mm Hg D) 19-25 mm Hg E) 21-23 mm Hg
C) 15-17 mm Hg
________ is released in response to a decrease in blood volume. A) Renin B) Erythropoietin C) ADH D) ACTH E) Angiotensin
C) ADH
________ refers to the factors that oppose blood flow in the entire cardiovascular system. A) Turbulence B) Vascular resistance C) Total peripheral resistance D) Viscosity E) Elastic rebound
C) Total peripheral resistance
Which vessel type typically has an internal diameter of about 30 μm and has a tunica media comprised of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells? A) capillaries B) muscular arteries C) arterioles D) venules E) elastic arteries
C) arterioles
When blood flow in a capillary bed decreases in response to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by A) intercellular chemicals. B) angiotensin. C) autoregulation. D) neural mechanisms. E) endocrine mechanisms.
C) autoregulation.
The vessel that supplies blood to the muscles of the upper arm, before branching to create vessels that supply the forearm, is the ________ artery. A) radial B) axillary C) brachial D) ulnar E) median antebrachial
C) brachial
After crossing the axilla, the axillary artery becomes the A) radial artery. B) ulnar artery. C) brachial artery. D) subclavian artery. E) digital artery.
C) brachial artery.
When one exercises at maximal levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected. A) lungs B) liver C) brain D) skin E) skeletal muscles
C) brain
The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the A) internal carotid artery. B) carotid sinus. C) cerebral arterial circle. D) dorsal arch. E) middle cerebral artery.
C) cerebral arterial circle.
The ________ divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta. A) pericardium B) mediastinum C) diaphragm D) peritoneum E) pleura
C) diaphragm
Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called ________ arteries. A) coronary B) pulmonary C) elastic D) muscular E) arteriolar
C) elastic
The strong pulse that is felt by pressing gently along either side of the trachea usually indicates the location of the ________. A) internal carotid artery B) vertebral artery C) external carotid artery D) vertebral vein E) cephalic vein
C) external carotid artery
Blood leaving the capillaries supplied by the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries flows to the liver through the ________. A) inferior vena cava B) dural sinuses C) hepatic portal system D) dual venous drainage E) dorsal venous arch
C) hepatic portal system
The two common iliac veins form the A) femoral vein. B) popliteal vein. C) inferior vena cava. D) lumbar vein. E) great saphenous vein.
C) inferior vena cava.
Emanating from the descending aorta, the vessels that supply blood to the vertebral column area and the body wall are called the ________. A) superior mesenteric arteries B) basilar arteries C) intercostal arteries D) inferior mesenteric arteries E) vertebral arteries
C) intercostal arteries
The celiac trunk provides blood to the A) brain. B) diaphragm. C) liver and spleen. D) large intestine. E) suprarenal glands.
C) liver and spleen.
In the short-term response to hemorrhage, ________ occurs. A) decreased vasomotor activity B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart C) mobilization of the venous reserve D) immediate erythropoietin activation E) a recall of fluids from the interstitial spaces
C) mobilization of the venous reserve
The lumbar arteries are A) paired and travel in the intercostal spaces. B) paired and found in the aortic arch. C) paired, segmental and found on the posterolateral surface of the abdominal aorta. D) single branches of the anterior abdominal aorta. E) a pair of muscular arteries, which travel along the inner surface of the ilium.
C) paired, segmental and found on the posterolateral surface of the abdominal aorta.
Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow to the tissues? A) diffusion distance across vessel walls B) venous valves C) peripheral resistance D) vessel length E) collagen fiber content of tunica externa
C) peripheral resistance
The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the A) endothelium. B) tunica intima. C) tunica externa. D) tunica media. E) serosa.
C) tunica externa.
The muscular layer of blood vessels is the A) tunica intima. B) tunica externa. C) tunica media. D) tunica interna. E) tunica adventitia.
C) tunica media.
An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the A) external carotid. B) thyrocervical trunk. C) vertebral. D) radial. E) maxillary.
C) vertebral.
Which hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low? A) ADH B) ANP C) angiotensin II D) erythropoietin E) renin
D) erythropoietin
Which of the following will cause a decrease in blood pressure? A) increased levels of aldosterone B) increased levels of angiotensin II C) increased blood volume D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
The vessel that receives most of the blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm is the A) internal jugular vein. B) external jugular vein. C) superior vena cava. D) inferior vena cava. E) coronary sinus.
D) inferior vena cava.
Most of the blood leaving the brain passes through one of the dural sinuses and leaves the skull in one of the ________, descending parallel to the common carotid artery in the neck. A) external jugular veins B) superior sagittal sinuses C) vertebral veins D) internal jugular veins E) cephalic veins
D) internal jugular veins
The ________ supplies the pericardium and anterior wall of the chest. A) axillary artery B) vertebral artery C) thyrocervical trunk D) internal thoracic artery E) external carotid artery
D) internal thoracic artery
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is the ________. A) stethoscope B) thermometer C) endoscope D) sphygmomanometer E) hydrostatic pressure cuff
D) sphygmomanometer
The vessel that supplies blood to the arm, shoulder, chest wall, back, and spinal cord is called the ________. A) internal thoracic artery B) vertebral artery C) thyrocervical trunk D) subclavian artery E) brachial artery
D) subclavian artery
The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system. A) the venous component B) the capillary vessels C) all the vessels D) the arterial vessels E) the arteriovenous component
D) the arterial vessels
The external carotid artery would be classified as an example of a(n) ________ artery. A) anastomotic B) elastic C) conducting D) large E) muscular
E) muscular
Blood leaving the capillaries in the sole of each foot collects into a network of ________ veins. A) dorsal B) fibular C) tibial D) saphenous E) plantar
E) plantar
Considering the arterial supply to the brain, the basilar artery immediately gives rise to the ________ arteries. A) vertebral B) anterior cerebral C) external carotid D) internal carotid E) posterior cerebral
E) posterior cerebral
Which of the following changes will result in increased blood flow at an injury site during inflammation? A) increased blood volume B) increased vessel diameter C) increased blood pressure D) decreased peripheral resistance E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters
E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters
The ________ supplies muscles and other tissues of the neck, shoulder, and upper back. A) vertebral artery B) internal thoracic artery C) axillary artery D) brachial artery E) thyrocervical trunk
E) thyrocervical trunk
The third and fourth heart sounds are generated by A) vascular resistance. B) opening valves. C) closing valves. D) viscosity. E) turbulence.
E) turbulence.
Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters structures called ________. A) arterial anastomoses B) venous valves C) arteriovenous anastomoses D) precapillary sphincters E) venules
E) venules
Which blood vessels are able to absorb the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle? A) elastic arteries B) arterioles C) muscular arteries D) arterial anastomoses E) capillaries
A) elastic arteries
During the long-term response to hemorrhage, which hormone(s) prominently promotes fluid retention and reabsorption at the kidneys? A) ADH and aldosterone B) angiotensinogen II C) EPO D) epinephrine and norepinephrine E) renin
A) ADH and aldosterone
Considering the factors affecting blood flow, choose the accurate relationship. A) Under normal circumstances, blood flow equals cardiac output. B) When pressure rises, blood flow decreases. C) When resistance increases, blood flow increases. D) Resistance and blood flow are directly related. E) Vessel length and blood flow are directly related.
A) Under normal circumstances, blood flow equals cardiac output.
Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining? A) atherosclerosis B) phlebitis C) thrombus D) aneurysm E) pulmonary embolism
A) atherosclerosis
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are termed A) capillaries. B) arterioles. C) arteries. D) venules. E) veins.
A) capillaries.
The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called ________. A) capillary hydrostatic pressure B) osmotic pressure C) systolic pressure D) diastolic pressure E) pressure gradient
A) capillary hydrostatic pressure
As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries, A) cardiovascular pressure decreases. B) vascular resistance decreases. C) vascular flow increases. D) viscosity decreases. E) both cardiovascular pressure and vascular flow increase.
A) cardiovascular pressure decreases.
Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the A) carotid sinus. B) brain stem. C) left ventricle. D) common iliac artery. E) aortic bodies.
A) carotid sinus.
At the ankle, the anterior tibial artery becomes the ________ artery. A) dorsalis pedis B) popliteal C) dorsal arch D) fibular E) plantar arch
A) dorsalis pedis
________ involves the alteration of peripheral resistance by acting directly on precapillary sphincters. A) ANP release B) Autoregulation C) Chemoreceptor reflex D) Renin release E) Baroreceptor reflex
B) Autoregulation
What is the advantage of the small diameter of capillaries? A) It dampens the rise in pressure during ventricular systole. B) It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for exchange of materials across capillary walls to occur. C) It absorbs the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle. D) It allows the vessels to overcome the force of gravity. E) It prevents the backflow of blood, improving venous return.
B) It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for exchange of materials across capillary walls to occur.
As blood travels through the venous system toward the heart, why do the veins become larger in diameter? A) The transition causes the resistance to increase further so that the flow rate of blood increases. B) The transition causes the resistance to drop further so that the flow rate of blood increases. C) The transition causes the resistance to decrease further so that the flow rate of blood decreases. D) The transition causes the resistance to increase further so that the flow rate of blood decreases. E) The transition reflects no change in the resistance, but causes the flow rate of blood to increase.
B) The transition causes the resistance to drop further so that the flow rate of blood increases.
The force that tends to reabsorb or pull water back into a capillary is called ________ pressure. A) capillary hydrostatic B) blood osmotic C) arterial D) venous E) pulse
B) blood osmotic
Near the level of vertebra L4, the abdominal aorta branches to form the A) common carotid arteries. B) common iliac arteries. C) femoral arteries. D) popliteal arteries. E) tibial arteries.
B) common iliac arteries.
The phrenic arteries A) continue along the ventral surface of the brain. B) deliver blood to the diaphragm. C) travel within the mediastinum, supplying tissues of the thoracic cavity. D) give rise to arteries that supply tissues of the lungs not involved in gas exchange, the esophagus, pericardium, and other mediastinal structures. E) deliver blood to the last portion of the large intestine and rectum.
B) deliver blood to the diaphragm.
Small veins in the neural tissue of the brain empty directly into the A) coronary sinuses. B) dural sinuses. C) circle of Willis. D) external jugular vein. E) vertebral veins.
B) dural sinuses.
Regarding endocrine mechanisms in cardiovascular regulation, long-term adjustments A) involve responses that adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance to stabilize blood pressure and blood flow to tissues. B) involve alterations in blood volume that affect cardiac output and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from active tissues. C) cause immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments. D) drastically alter blood pressure and blood flow to vital organs. E) involve the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medullae, which stimulate cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction.
B) involve alterations in blood volume that affect cardiac output and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from active tissues.
The ________ is the vessel from which venous blood samples are typically collected. A) basilic vein B) median cubital vein C) brachial vein D) radial vein E) ulnar vein
B) median cubital vein
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is the A) capillary pressure. B) pulse pressure. C) arterial pressure. D) venous pressure. E) hydrostatic pressure.
B) pulse pressure.
The pulse point that is palpated on the lateral wrist is actually the location of which of the following? A) axillary artery B) radial artery C) ulnar artery D) superficial palmar arch E) cubital artery
B) radial artery
The internal iliac artery supplies the ________. A) lower limb B) smaller arteries of the pelvis C) spinal cord and the abdominal wall D) adrenal glands E) kidneys
B) smaller arteries of the pelvis
On their way toward the liver, veins from the spleen, the lateral border of the stomach, and the pancreas fuse with the inferior mesenteric veins, forming the ________. A) gastric vein B) splenic vein C) superior mesenteric vein D) cystic vein E) hepatic vein
B) splenic vein
Which of the following supplies blood to major sections of the intestinal tract and the pancreas? A) phrenic arteries B) superior mesenteric artery C) lumbar artery D) lateral sacral artery E) celiac artery
B) superior mesenteric artery
The fusion of the two brachiocephalic veins forms the A) inferior vena cava. B) superior vena cava. C) phrenic vein. D) azygos vein. E) highest intercostal vein.
B) superior vena cava.
Which of the following is the top number in a blood pressure reading? A) diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure C) pulse pressure D) mean arterial pressure E) blood osmotic pressure
B) systolic pressure
In a process called autoregulation, ________ in response to a decline in dissolved oxygen levels within a tissue. A) blood flow to the area decreases B) the precapillary sphincters relax C) vasomotion is not a factor D) the diameter of the supplying capillaries' entrance narrows E) the volume of blood arriving at the venules decreases
B) the precapillary sphincters relax
A decrease in peripheral vein diameter is called A) vasoconstriction. B) venoconstriction. C) vasodilation. D) viscosity. E) peripheral resistance.
B) venoconstriction.
Why do veins have relatively thin walls? A) It allows a typical vein to change the diameter of its lumen. B) It allows a typical vein to be stretched as its diameter increases during ventricular systole. C) A typical vein's wall allows exchange to occur quickly by diffusion across endothelial cells or through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. D) A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure. E) There are sphincters associated with the walls of veins, which allow vasomotion to occur.
D) A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure.
If blood has low viscosity, which result would be likely under normal conditions? A) Blood flows at higher pressures. B) Blood flows against high resistance. C) Blood flow cannot occur. D) Blood flows at lower pressures. E) Blood contains increased numbers of plasma proteins and suspended blood cells.
D) Blood flows at lower pressures.
Choose the correct description of a typical medium-sized vein. A) In these vessels, the thin tunica media is surrounded by a thick tunica externa composed of elastic and collagen fibers. B) Ranging from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, its thin tunica media consists of one to two layers of smooth muscle cells. C) It has a diameter of approximately 0.4 cm and has more smooth muscle cells and fewer elastic fibers. D) Ranging from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, its tunica media contains several smooth muscle layers, and the relatively thick tunica externa has longitudinal bundles of elastic and collagen fibers. E) It has a diameter up to 2.5 cm, and its tunica media is dominated by elastic fibers rather than smooth muscle cells.
D) Ranging from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, its tunica media contains several smooth muscle layers, and the relatively thick tunica externa has longitudinal bundles of elastic and collagen fibers.
How do the arteries of the pulmonary circuit differ from those of the systemic circuit? A) They branch more than those of the systemic circuit. B) Their vessels' diameters are narrower. C) The tunic composition of their vessel walls is generally thicker. D) They carry oxygen-poor blood. E) There are valves in the branching arteries of the pulmonary circuit.
D) They carry oxygen-poor blood.
Edema is defined as a(n) A) trauma to the blood. B) constriction of vessels. C) release of bone fragments. D) abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues. E) net movement of water from the interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
D) abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues.
The tendency for water and small solutes to move out of the blood is greatest at the ________. A) venous end of capillaries B) transition between muscular arteries and arterioles C) transition between elastic and muscular arteries D) arteriolar end of capillaries E) transition between venules and medium-sized veins
D) arteriolar end of capillaries
Which reflex specifically adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain arterial pressures? A) Babinski reflex B) atrial reflex C) chemoreceptor reflex D) baroreceptor reflex E) venous reflex
D) baroreceptor reflex
Inside the cranium, the vertebral arteries fuse to form the ________, which continues along the ventral surface of the brain. A) occipital artery B) posterior cerebral artery C) cerebral arterial circle D) basilar artery E) middle cerebral artery
D) basilar artery
After merging with the external and internal jugular veins, the subclavian vein becomes the A) cephalic vein. B) vena cava. C) axillary vein. D) brachiocephalic vein. E) median cubital vein.
D) brachiocephalic vein.
When blood pressure rises, increased output from the baroreceptors stimulates which center? A) cardioacceleratory B) vasomotor C) respiratory D) cardioinhibitory E) pulmonary
D) cardioinhibitory
Why is the osmotic pressure higher in the blood compared to that in the surrounding interstitial fluid? A) Interstitial fluid contains more dissolved proteins than blood. B) Blood has lower solute concentrations. C) Interstitial fluid has higher solute concentrations. D) There are equal concentrations of dissolved proteins in blood and interstitial fluid. E) Blood contains more dissolved proteins than does interstitial fluid.
E) Blood contains more dissolved proteins than does interstitial fluid.
________ tends to diffuse across the capillary lining, driven by their individual concentration gradients. A) Glucose B) Steroids C) Fatty acids D) Amino acids E) Solute molecules
E) Solute molecules
In which of the following would vascular resistance be the least? A) a vessel < 30 μm in diameter B) a vessel 10 microns in diameter C) a vessel 8 μm in diameter D) a vessel 1 mm in diameter E) a vessel 1 cm in diameter
E) a vessel 1 cm in diameter
Which of the following monitors blood pressure at the end of the systemic circuit? A) aortic baroreceptors B) carotid sinus baroreceptors C) aortic body chemoreceptors D) carotid body chemoreceptors E) atrial baroreceptors
E) atrial baroreceptors
The palmar venous arches drain into the ________, which is superficial and runs along the medial upper limb. A) digital vein B) cephalic vein C) axillary vein D) brachial vein E) basilic vein
E) basilic vein
Supply the name of the missing vein in this sequence: axillary vein, subclavian vein, ________. A) cephalic vein B) basilic vein C) hemiazygos vein D) esophageal vein E) brachiocephalic vein
E) brachiocephalic vein
Regarding the typical structure of blood vessel walls, those that have only a tunica intima are the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries.
E) capillaries.
What is the primary function of the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata? A) increases cardiac output through sympathetic innervation B) reduces cardiac output through parasympathetic innervation C) monitors the chemical composition of blood D) monitors the degree of stretch in the walls of expandable organs E) controls the diameters of arterioles through sympathetic innervation
E) controls the diameters of arterioles through sympathetic innervation
As exercise begins, ________ occur(s) as the rate of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscles increases. A) extensive changes in the pattern of blood distribution B) vasomotor activation C) decreased cardiac output D) decreased venous return E) extensive vasodilation
E) extensive vasodilation
Blood from the superficial structures of the head and neck is collected by the A) vertebral vein. B) axillary vein. C) brachiocephalic vein. D) internal jugular vein. E) external jugular vein.
E) external jugular vein.
Surgeons often use segments of the ________ as a bypass vessel during coronary bypass surgery. A) femoral vein B) internal iliac vein C) posterior tibial vein D) popliteal vein E) great saphenous vein
E) great saphenous vein
Which of the following is defined as a force exerted against a liquid? A) osmotic pressure B) peripheral resistance C) turbulence D) vascular resistance E) hydrostatic pressure
E) hydrostatic pressure
Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by A) low blood pressure and increased blood volume. B) hypotension and increased tissue perfusion. C) high blood pressure and inadequate peripheral blood flow. D) high blood pressure and decreased tissue perfusion. E) hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.
E) hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.
