chapter 13: intelligence

True

Process timing theories attempt to account for differences intelligence by appealing to differences in the speed of various forms of info processing

Culture

Set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior shared by a group of ppl.

True

Shorter inspection times correlate with higher scores on intelligence tests

true

Some evidence suggests that emotional intelligence is a strong predictor of successful adaptation to new environments.

Lexical access spee. (Posner and Mitchell)

Speed in which we can retrieve info about stored words in our long term memories

cultural intelligence

a persons ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures.

factor analysis

a statistical method; based on studies of correlation

crystalized ability

accumulated knowledge and vocabulary

deviation IQs

scores based on deviations from the middle score in a normal distribution of scores on a test of intelligence

William Stern

suggested that we evaluate peoples intelligence by using an INTELLIGENT QUOTIENT (IQ). mental age (MA) divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100.

ppl who are considered more intelligent:

tend to be superior in processes such as divided and selective attention, working memory, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, and concept formation.

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in the self and others.

social intelligence

the ability to understand and interact with other people

inspection time (nettleback)

the amount of time it takes you to inspect items and make a decision about them. -**the key variable is the length of time for the presentation of the target stimulus , not the speed of responding by pressing the button.

Alred Binet & Theodore Simon

they set out to measure intelligence as a function of the ability to learn within an academic setting -Judgement is the key to intelligence, NOT psychophysical acuity, strength, or skill.

implicit theories

we each have our own implicit (unstated) ideas about what it means to be smart. -unstated conceptions about intelligence -***we understand that intelligence has different meanings in different contexts.

Wechsler stated,:

we use our intelligence not only in taking tests and in doing homework but also in relating to people, in performing our jobs effectively, and in managing our lives in general**

true

when mental age exceeds chronological age, the ratio will lead to an IQ score above 100, and when chronological age exceeds mental age, the ratio will lead to an IQ score below 100

Global planning vs local planning

Global: formulating a general strategy for attacking the problem (even though it takes longer, more likelihood it will be correct) Local planning: takes less time than global; formulating and implementing strategies for the details of the task.

True

Grater brain size may cause greater intelligence

True

In selected areas of smart peoples brains, higher levels of glucose metabolism is taking place

Inspection time task:

Inspect the target stimulus and then indicate the side in which the shorter line appeared

Correlate

Inspection time , choice rraction time, and lexical access timing all have been found to ________ with measures of intelligence.

Gardner : theory of multiple intelligences

Intelligence includes multiple independent constructs , not just a single one

Triarchic theory of human intelligence

Intelligence is composed of 3 aspects , dealing with the relation of Intelligence 1. To the internal world of the person 2. To experience 3. To the external world

Contextualism

Intelligence must be understood in real world context

Choice reaction time / Jensen/ measuring neural processing speed

The time it takes to select one answer from among several possibilities

Cultural properties

What may appear to be differences in general intelligence may in fact be differences in cultural properties

information-processing theorists study:

how ppl mentally manipulate what they learn and know about the world.

in the 21st century, psychologists rarely use IQs based on mental ages:

instead, researchers have turned to measurement comparisons based on assumed normal distributions of test scores within large populations***

social; cultural

intelligence may require different adaptations within different social and cultural contexts.

Charles Spearman

invented factor analysis

fluid abilitiy

is speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems

true

many cognitive theorists believe that IQs provide an incomplete measurement of intelligence.

note:*****

modern psychologists overwhelmingly accept the notion that intelligence derives from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

METACOGNITION

peoples understanding and control of their own thinking processes.

contemporary measurements of intelligence usually can be traced to one of two different historical traditions:

psychophysical abilities or judgmental abilities

explicit intelligence

focuses on assessment

"g" factor

general factor; provides the key to understanding intelligence. the "g" is mental energy

true

Carrols hierarchical model is probably the most widely accepted of the psychometric models** (out of those 3)

Crystallized vs fluid intelligence

Damage to posterior regions - have negative effects on crystallized Damage to frontal lobe- fluid

3 levels of the Wechsler intelligence scales:

-4th edition of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale (Yielded 3 scores: a verbal score, performance score, and overall score) -4th edition of the Wechsler scale for children -the Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence

For Binet, intelligent thought (mental judgement) includes 3 elements:

-direction (knowing what has to be done and how to do it) -adaptation (customizing a strategy for performing a task and then monitoring that strategy while implementing it) -criticism (your ability to critique your own thoughts and actions)

important:::

-intelligence involves the capacity to learn from experience. -intelligence involves the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.

human intelligence

-intelligence is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment. -also, it may require different adaptations within different social and cultural contexts.

Modular

Gardner's view of the mind is _________.

True

Ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli is important for intelligence

issues related to the approach to studying intelligence:

1. whether cognitive psychologists should focus on the measurement of intelligence or on the process of it. 2. what underlies intelligence: a persons genetic inheritance, a persons acquired attributes, or some kind of interaction between the two.

Intelligence is also peoples ability to divide their attention (hunt and lansmen)

More intelligent ppl, according to these guys, are able to timeshare between two tasks

Biological basis

The human brain is the ___________ for human intelligence.

mental age

average level of intelligence for a person of a given age.

Francis Galton

believed that intelligence is a function of psychophysical abilities.

Thurstone

concluded that the core of intelligence is from seven factors. referred to them as PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES