Chapter 13, Later Life: Cognitive and Socioemotional Development

Allison is one of the many Americans who is not saving for her retirement. She believes that she will not really need that much money and that Social Security will take care of everything. However, the concept of retirement has changed greatly in the last 75 years. Retirement is no longer a short life stage before death. If Allison retires at 62 years old, she can expect to be retired about: 10 percent of her life. 15 percent of her life. 25 percent of her life. 5 percent of her life.

25 percent of her life

In the United States, people who are currently _____ years old can expect to live an average of eighteen more years. 45 55 65 75

65

If a man is born after 1970, he will be eligible for full Social Security benefits when he is: 62. 66. 67. 70.

67

Mary considers herself to be "young-old." Mary is MOST likely _____ years old. 59 73 81 90

73

Gerald considers himself to be part of the "old-old" group in his community in Florida. Gerald is MOST likely _____ years old. 56 69 75 87

87

Which change has NOT contributed to the rise in the median age of the world's population? decreasing fertility the baby boom reaching older adulthood AIDS in the developing world medical advances

AIDS in the developing world

As of 2010, which of these countries has the best government-funded retirement program? the United States Poland Mexico Germany

Germany

Which of these countries has the BEST government-funded retirement program? the United States Mexico China Germany

Germany

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for how to help a bereaved person? Express care and concern. Give emotional support. Give lots of advice. Listen as the person reminisces

Give lots of advice

Which of the following is NOT a tip for assisting an older relative? Provide a non-distracting environment to enhance memory. Be realistic about declines in episodic memory. Help the person to withdraw from social interactions. Don't expect the person to necessarily want to meet new people.

Help the person to withdraw from social interactions

. Who is MOST likely to be happy after retiring? Georgina, who was laid off from her job Gary, who has been having health problems Joseph, who loves to learn and chose to retire Joyce, a divorcee with few hobbies

Joseph, who loves to learn and chose to retire

Who is MOST likely to be happy after retiring? Gary, who has been having health problems Joyce, a divorcee with few hobbies Georgina, who was laid off from her job Joseph, who loves to learn and chose to retire

Joseph, who loves to learn and chose to retire

Anna gladly returned to work after retirement. She is a typical female in her society. Thus, Anna MOST likely lives in: Poland. Mexico. the United States. Northern Europe.

Northern Europe

Two groups comprised of a mix of 70 year olds and 75 year olds are given the same test of fluid intelligence. One group is told it is a memory test, and the other group is told it is a wisdom test. What results are likely to be observed? -Performance of the wisdom group will be the same as performance of the memory group. -The 70 year olds will do better than the 75 year olds regardless of the test label. -Performance of the memory group will be better than performance of the wisdom group. -Performance of the wisdom group will be better than performance of the memory group.

Performance of the wisdom group will be better than performance of the memory group

Karl is being evaluated by a psychologist. As part of the evaluation, the psychologist asks Karl basic factual questions such as, "Who was the U.S. president during the Civil War?" The psychologist is testing Karl's _____ memory. procedural working episodic semantic

Semantic

Statistically, which statement is true? The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults. The elderly were treated much better in the past. About 50 percent of people over age 65 are in nursing homes. Memory decline doesn't occur until late adulthood.

The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults

Statistically, which statement is true? About 50 percent of people over age 65 are in nursing homes. The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults. Memory decline doesn't occur until late adulthood. The elderly were treated much better in the past.

The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults

Statistically, which statement is true? Memory decline doesn't occur until late adulthood. The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults. The elderly were treated much better in the past. About 50 percent of people over age 65 are in nursing homes.

The elderly think more positively about life than do younger adults

_____ memory is the temporary gateway system that allows a person to transfer information into more permanent storage. Long-term Semantic Procedural Working

Working

The median age in a country has increased over the last ten years. This is likely due to: an increase in the birth rate. a decline in the birth rate. there being fewer people who are considered old-old. ageism.

a decline in the birth rate

Choose one core reason why working memory declines with age. age-related deterioration in vision age related deterioration in the frontal lobes age-related deterioration in the parietal lobes age-related deterioration in the occipital lobes

age related deterioration in the frontal lobes

Candice believes that the elderly should NOT be allowed to drive, that they are unable to care for themselves, and that they are a burden to society. Candice is demonstrating: phobia of the elderly. ageism. bias against the old-old. favoritism of young adults.

ageism

Lewis is a city planner who has been fascinated by the development of Sarasota, Florida. He believes that in the future, an increasing number of cities will look like Sarasota, where more than 30 percent of the population is over age 65. His friend, who works in Detroit, wonders how Lewis is so sure that the American population will rise. Lewis admits that, of course, the future cannot be predicted. However, all of these reasons explain why the median age of the U.S. population will probably increase in coming decades EXCEPT for: longer life expectancies. declining fertility. the baby boom generation reaching old age. an expected rise in immigration.

an expected rise in immigration

Which older person is MOST likely to feel unhappy? an old-old person suffering from disabilities an old-old woman an old-old man an old-old person who was attractive as a young adult

an old old person suffering from disabilities

According to the text, all of the following are good ways to help older people with memory problems EXCEPT to: assume that all older adults have a "bad" memory and make communication simpler by using fewer words. teach mnemonic strategies. give older people ample time to learn new material. be realistic.

assume that all older adults have a "bad" memory and make communication simpler by using fewer words

Older people in the United States are at high risk of being poor when they: depend on Social Security alone. are young-old. cannot yet redeem their pensions. have depleted their Social Security funds.

depend on Social Security alone

Older people in the United States are at high risk of being poor when they: depend on Social Security alone. cannot yet redeem their pensions. are young-old. have depleted their Social Security funds.

depend on Social Security alone

Older people in the United States are at high risk of being poor when they: depend on Social Security alone. cannot yet redeem their pensions. are young-old. have depleted their Social Security funds.

depend on social security alone

Amir is 81 years old. He feels as if he has accomplished very little and has nothing to show for his life. He has no healthy family relationships and had a dissatisfying profession in which he feels like he wasted the best years of his life. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial framework, Amir reached the negative outcome of the final life stage and is experiencing: intimacy. generativity. despair. identity.

despair

Erik Erikson framed the last stage of human development as integrity versus _____

despair

Which action describes a person using selective optimization with compensation? reduce the use of external memory aids do not focus too much on material goods eat low-fat, nutritious foods do not try to remember irrelevant information

do not try to remember irrelevant information

In the memory systems perspective, the three types of memory are procedural, semantic, and: episodic. temporal. epilogue-based. meaningful.

episodic

In the memory systems perspective, the three types of memory are procedural, semantic, and: meaningful. epilogue-based. temporal. episodic.

episodic

Lara is trying to remember what she had for dinner last Friday when her husband took her out to eat. According to the memory-systems perspective, this information is in Lara's _____ memory. episodic short-term declarative semantic

episodic

Question Value: 35 points According to the text, all of the following are ways to help older adults EXCEPT to: expect older people to want to socialize or make new friends. give older people ample time to learn new material and provide them with a non-distracting environment. teach older adults mnemonic strategies and other memory tips. encourage older people to maintain a personal passion.

expect older people to want to socialize or make new friends

One reason for recent increases in the median age of the population in the developed world is declining: fertility rates. retirement ages. life-expectancy. infant mortality.

fertility rates

One reason for recent increases in the median age of the population in the developed world is declining: life-expectancy. infant mortality. retirement ages. fertility rates.

fertility rates

One reason for recent increases in the median age of the population in the developed world is declining: retirement ages. life-expectancy. fertility rates. infant mortality.

fertility rates

Longitudinal research suggests widowed people: typically withdraw from the world. first turn to family and later reach out to friends for support. first turn to friends and then later reach out to family for support. rarely turn to religion for support.

first turn to family and later reach out to friends for support

Older people tend to: be less effective at shutting out upsetting stimuli than are younger people. focus more on happy than sad events than do young people. overcome memory deficits through positivity, generativity, and mnemonic strategies. be less able to regulate their emotions than younger people.

focus more on happy than sad events than do young people

Jim is a 31-year-old lawyer. Roger is a 75-year-old retired high school teacher. According to Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, Jim is likely to be concerned about the _____, and Roger is more likely to be concerned about the _____. present; present future; past past; present future; present

future; present

The young-old and the old-old differ in: few observable ways. health and income. education and ethnicity. attitudes.

heal and income

The young-old and the old-old differ primarily in: health and income. no observable ways. very few ways. education and ethnicity.

health and income

Theresa is considered young-old, and her sister Margaret is considered old-old. These two sisters MOST likely differ in: no observable ways. very few ways. education and ethnicity. health and income.

health and income

Juanita's husband, Mario, was a jerk who always criticized her in front of friends and said she was "no good." For 10 years, he told her she could not do anything right, and so would not let her perform the simplest tasks. Mario gradually succeeded in reducing Juanita's self-esteem to almost zero. Then, Mario died of a massive heart attack. Juanita can expect: her self-confidence to rise when she discovers she can cope after all. to have major difficulties adjusting because her husband used to do everything. her self-esteem to collapse since she now has nothing else in the world. to be remarried within three years.

her self confidence to rise when she discovers she can cope after all

Mnemonic techniques frequently involve the use of _____ to remember information. focused attention rhymes imagery written notes

imagery

As a memory task gets more difficult, performance differences favoring young people: show little change. increase dramatically. decrease insignificantly. decrease dramatically.

increase dramatically

Life expectancy has _____ during the second half of the twentieth-century. increased decreased been resistant to change remained constant

increased

The _____ theory perspective on cognition states that memory progresses through defined stages. memory-systems procedural memory information-processing working memory

information processing

The _____ theory perspective on cognition states that memory progresses through defined stages. information-processing working memory procedural memory sensory memory

information processing

Marietta is 85 years old. As she reflects on her life, she is happy with her family and her life's accomplishments. She is comfortable with her age and is satisfied with her life. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial framework, Marietta has reached: integrity. generativity. intimacy identity

integrity

_____ is balancing the needs of the young and the old. Intergenerational equity Positivity effect Old-age dependency ratio Integrity

intergenerational equity

Balancing the needs of the young and the old is referred to as: intergenerational integrity. intergenerational equity. intergenerational solidarity. developmental equity.

intergenerational equuity

Doris is an older adult. Based on statistics, one can predict that Doris: will not adjust well to widowhood. is unlikely to want to retire. is old-old. is calmer and less stressed than her granddaughter who is a young adult.

is calmer and less stressed than her granddaughter who is a young adult

Older people experience _____ than younger people. more stress more ups and downs from day to day. better physical health less stress

less stress

MOST people work beyond the traditional retirement age because they: are pressured to keep working by family members. want a high income. fear that retirement will lead to an early death. love their jobs or can't financially afford to retire.

love their jobs or can't financially afford to retire

The _____ age, or the age at which half the population is younger and half is older, is rapidly rising in the developed world. median modal mean average

median

The _____ age, or the age at which half the population is younger and half is older, is rapidly rising in the developed world. average median mean modal

median

A divided-attention task involves: memorizing something under timed conditions. arbitrary word pairs and lists of unrelated words. receiving information from three sources simultaneously. memorizing material while monitoring something else.

memorizing material while monitoring something else

The _____ perspective divides memory into three distinct types. memory-systems information-processing cognitive developmental social-cognitive perspective

memory systems

The _____ perspective divides memory into three distinct types. triarchic memory memory-systems whole brain development holistic memory

memory-systems

All of the following are external reasons why old age should be a worry-free life stage EXCEPT that many older people: Incorrect: report fewer daily stresses than the young. report fewer daily stresses than the young. no longer have the pressure to perform at work. mental declines are not too severe until the old-old stage. no longer have the hassles of raising children.

mental declines are not too severe until the old old stage

The _____ ratio is the proportion of people over age 60 to younger working adults (ages 15 to 59). social security youth support retirement support old-age dependency

old age dependency

The proportion of working adults to retirees, which is expected to rise dramatically as the baby boomers retire, is called the: old-age dependency ratio. worker age ratio. retirement age ratio. ratio of age demographics.

old age dependency ratio

Sean is 82. Developmentalists classify Sean as: elderly. young-old. frail. old-old.

old old

Sean is 82. Developmentalists classify Sean as: frail. elderly. old-old. young-old.

old old

Sean is 82. Developmentalists classify Sean as: frail. young-old. elderly. old-old.

old old

. The group that is MOST vulnerable to suicide is: old-old widowed men. young-old married women. old-old widowed women. young-old married men.

old old widowed men

Guadalupe works as a nurse in a New York City hospital. Even though she has a pension and savings account, and is eligible for social security, she is planning on working past age 65. In fact, Guadalupe is not that unusual. In 1990, about one in five Americans worked past age 65. Soon that ratio is expected to be about: one in four. one in three. one in two. two in three.

one in two

5. The tendency for older people to focus on positive experiences and to ignore negative ones is referred to as the: positivity bias. selectivity effect. positivity effect. integrity effect.

positivity effect

What is the underlying reason peoples' working memories decline with age? age-related deterioration in the occipital lobes age-related decreases in crystallized intelligence age-related deterioration in the temporal lobes problems with selective attention

problem with selective attention

What is the underlying reason peoples' working memories decline with age? age-related deterioration in the temporal lobes age-related deterioration in the occipital lobes age-related decreases in crystallized intelligence problems with selective attention

problems with selective attention

What is the underlying reason peoples' working memories decline with age? age-related deterioration in the occipital lobes problems with selective attention age-related decreases in crystallized intelligence age-related deterioration in the temporal lobes

problems with selective attention

Jason is 75 years old and an avid cellist. He may have trouble remembering what he had for breakfast yesterday, but he has no problem remembering the fingering on his cello. The memory for playing a cello is an example of his _____ memory. working memory procedural semantic episodic

procedural

The last memory system to be lost when a person has dementia is the _____ memory. semantic episodic procedural periodic

procedural

Which memory system is preserved the longest, even into Alzheimer's disease? episodic semantic periodic procedural

procedural

Which memory system is preserved the longest, even into Alzheimer's disease? semantic procedural periodic episodic

procedural

Which of the following is NOT a quality that makes for a happy retirement? retiring before age 65 happily married economic resources to enjoy life open to experience

retiring before age 65

As part of an evaluation, a psychologist asks Karl basic factual questions such as, "Who was the first U.S. president?" while testing Karl's _____ memory. declarative procedural semantic episodic

semantic

This type of memory refers to basic factual knowledge. periodic semantic procedural episodic

semantic

Marta, age 76, states her philosophy about unpleasant people and situations as: "I do not have that long to live. I have to spend my time doing what makes me feel good emotionally." Her philosophy is best described as the _____ theory. socioemotional selectivity self-efficacy information processing theory positivity effect

socioemotional selectivity

In the United States, workers' retirement is financed by everything EXCEPT: personal savings. Social Security. private pensions. stimulus funds.

stimulus funds

In most cultures throughout history old age has been seen as: a time of elevated status. the worst time of life. the best time of life. a miracle.

the worst time of life

In Germany, the government: tries to keep people working as long as possible. encourages workers to quit their jobs around age 50. encourages citizens to save for retirement rather than offering a structured retirement plan. tries to ensure that people are financially comfortable during their older years.

tries to ensure that people are financially comfortable during their older years

One key to happiness in older adulthood is to: refuse to seek out assistance with challenging tasks. use emotion regulation flexibly to give up total control. withdraw from interactions with other people. rely on others as much as possible.

use emotion regulation flexibly to give up total control

The elevated risk of death that occurs among men after a spouse dies is called the _____ effect. morbidity widowhood mortality irreversibility continuing bonds

widowhood mortality

Widowhood research has shown that MOST: widows are resilient; they are able to regroup and lead fulfilling lives. young-old widowers are at special risk for suicide. widows are very fragile; they need a lot of caregiving help. widows with secure relationships are at risk for depression.

widows are resilient; they are able to regroup and lead fulfilling lives

Marcia is a healthy 60-year-old widow. According to developmentalists, she is in the _____ classification. frail old-old young-old elderly

young old