chapter 13: leadership effectiveness

different leadership behaviors

Path-goal clarifying Clarifying employees' performance goals using positive and negative rewards Achievement-oriented Setting challenging goals Work-facilitation Providing counseling, mentoring, and coaching to assist employee development Supportive Showing concern for the well-being of employees

How can managers become effective leaders?

Gain perspective about different leadership behaviors their followers might need. Solicit feedback on leadership skills. Identify task-oriented traits and interpersonal attributes needed to lead.

criteria that relate to high control and therefore a task-oriented approach to leadership.

Good leader-member relations Strong position power High task structure

criteria that relate to moderate control and therefore a relationship-oriented approach to leadership.

Good leader-member relations Weak position power Low task structure

What techniques can an individual use to develop leadership or managerial skills?

Take responsibility for your relationship with your supervisor. Practice leadership behavior outside of work. Understand your employer's expectations of leadership.

the following are skills that people should possess to be good leaders?

have business skills work well with all different kinds of people come up with solutions quickly with limited information

path-goal theory

holds that leader behaviors are effective when employees view them as a source[' of satisfaction or as paving the way to future satisfaction

What do managers accomplish by sacrificing for the good of the group, being a role model, and displaying high ethical standards?

idealized influence

Inspirational motivation

includes the use of charisma, relies on an attractive vision of the future, emotional arguments, and demonstrated optimism and enthusiasm

What type of leader behavior is displayed when the president of the photography club asks the yearbook committee for guidance in what kind of candid pictures are needed?

initiating structure

types of task-oriented leadership.

initiating structure and transactional leadership

What are the implications of LMX theory?

initiatives to improve poor LMX are critical diversity must be embraced expectations must be clear

consideration

is leader behavior that creates mutual respect or trust and prioritizes group members' needs and desires.

Global mind-set

is the belief in one's ability to influence dissimilar others in a global context

indealized influence

is to instill pride, respect, and trust within employees

Important takeaways from trait theory include that:

it can be important to hiring and promoting decisions having a "global mindset" is important traits impact leader effectiveness

task structure

the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified

abusive supervision

the sustained display of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact

locus of control

the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

According to ______ theory, organizations should consider using personality and trait assessments in the selection and promotion process.

trait

Transformational leaders

transform followers to pursue organizational goals over self-interests

leaders who are _____ use behaviors that appeal to followers' self-concepts

transformational

What are some of the characteristics that followers look for in leaders?

treating others with respect fostering a sense of unity making them feel engaged at work

interpersonal relationship variables that have the greatest effect on LMX.

trust similar to each other like each other

What do behavioral scientists call a leader-member exchange relationship?

vertical dyad

emotional intelligence

ability to manage yourself and your relationships in mature and constructive ways.

some leader behaviors in the path-goal theory model.

achievement oriented supportive value based

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What are some of the managerial implications of transformational leadership?

-Effective leaders rely on task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors. -Transformational leadership behavior works for geographically dispersed people, such as those working virtually. -Establishment of a positive vision of the future provides a long-term goal for the organization and its staff.

What are some examples of how locus of control affects leadership behavior?

-Employees with an internal locus of control are likely to be dissatisfied with a controlling leadership style. -Employees with an external locus of control prefer the structure of supportive leadership. -Employees with an internal locus of control are more likely to prefer participative leadership.

LMX is influenced by three categories of variables

-Follower characteristics -Leader characteristics -Interpersonal relationship variables

What are the steps that one must take to become a better follower?

-Understand your boss. -Understand yourself, including your needs, goals, and expectations. -Analyze the gap between your understanding of your boss and your understanding of yourself.

four conclusions of trait theory

-We cannot ignore the implications of leadership traits -The positive and "dark triad" traits suggest the qualities you should cultivate and avoid if you want to assume leadership roles in the future. -Organizations may want to include personality and trait assessments in their selection and promotion processes -A global mind-set is an increasingly value task-oriented trait

the following are goals of relationship-oriented leadership?

-enhancing employees' skills -creating positive work relationships between employees and their leaders -creating positive work relationships among coworkers

four types of leadership behavior

1. Task-oriented 2. Relationship-oriented 3. Passive 4. Transformational

Four Key Behaviors of Transformational Leaders

1. inspirational motivation 2. idealized influence 3. individualized consideration 4. intellectual stimulation

Leadership prototype

A mental representation of the traits and behaviors people believe leaders possess

According to Fiedler, a leader's style is either ___________-motivated as he or she is focused on accomplishing goals or ________________-motivated as he or she is more interested in developing relations with followers.

Blank 1: task Blank 2: relationship

Why is the establishment of a positive vision of the future essential for applying transformational leadership?

Communicating the vision promotes endorsement. Leaders can influence others by gaining consensus of the vision. The vision represents long-term goals.

What are some ways you can accommodate the various styles, goals, expectations, and weaknesses that exist between you and your supervisor?

Determine the level of participation that your supervisor requires in the decision-making process. Adjust your style of communication to match that of your supervisor. Find ways to free-up time, energy, and resources.

Statements that are true about emotional intelligence and leadership?

Emotional intelligence helps people lead; however, it does not solve all problems. Emotional intelligence helps people with transformational leadership.

Why is it important for managers to maintain a high leader-member exchange (LMX) relationship with each employee?

Employees stay on the track to success. Employees remain on the path to achieving their goals.

What are key takeaways managers should remember for leadership effectiveness?

Experiment with a contingency approach toward leadership. Try to develop positive relationships with all your followers.

What are the three types of potential followers?

Helpers- show deference to and comply with the leadership independents- distance themselves from the leadership and show less compliance Rebels- show divergence from the leader and are least compliant

Successfully attracting commitment, energizing workers, and creating meaning in employees' lives are the result of what type of motivation?

Inspirational

Bernard Bass associated which of the following behaviors with leaders?

Inspiring others Rallying employees around a common goal Creating vision and strategic plans

continue

Interaction-faciitation Resolving disputes; facilitating communication. Group-oriented decision making Encouraging group members to participate in decision making. Representation and networking Presenting the work group in a positive light to others. Value-based Establishing a vision and supporting its accomplishment.

the following describe the behavioral styles theory of leadership?

Leader behaviors can be improved and developed There is no one best style of leadership Leader behavior is more important than traits

What are two contingency factors that influence leadership effectiveness in House's path-goal theory?

Locus of control Task structure

According to research, which of the following are differences found among men and women leadership roles?

Men use an autocratic style, while women use a participative style. Men are task-oriented, while women are relationship-oriented.

What must leaders do for their employees, according to path-goal theory?

Provide guidance. Reduce roadblocks. Link rewards to goals.

charisma

a form of interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance, devotion, and enthusiasm

meta-analysis

a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable

Situational control

amount of influence and control leaders have in their immediate work environment

initiating structure

as leader behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing to maximize output

What is the primary purpose of task-oriented leader behaviors?

assisting others in achieving their goals as well as the goals of the working group

Trait approach

attempts to identify personality characteristics or interpersonal attributes that can be used to differentiate leaders from followers

behavioral styles approach

attempts to identify the unique behaviors displayed by effective leaders

leader-member exchange (LMX) theory

based on the assumption that leaders develop unique one-to-one relationships (exchanges) with each of the people reporting to them.

Intellectual stimulation

behavior encourages employees to question the status quo and to seek innovative and creative solutions to organizational problems

the following approaches tries to find the unique behaviors that effective leaders have

behavioral styles

the following can leaders engage in to promote psychological empowerment in employees?

behaviors that enhance perceptions of meaning behaviors that encourage employee competence behaviors that encourage self-determination

What are some of the positive effects of CEO humility on employees?

commitment performance engagement

Select the three emotional responses followers want leaders to foster.

community significance excitement

What are the characteristics that leaders look for in employees when creating higher leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships?

competence positive personality agreeableness

relationship-oriented leader behavior

consideration, empowerment, servant-leadership, ethical leadership

individualized consideration

consists of behavior that provide support, encouragement, empowerment, and coaching to employees.

Although personality and demographic similarities between leaders and followers are often associated with higher leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships, what should managers avoid?

creating a homogeneous work environment for the sake of having positive relationships

Out-group exchange

creating more formality in expectations and rewards (low LMX)

in-group exchange

creating trust and mutual obligation (high LMX)

In terms of leadership, women use a more ______ style while men use a more ______ style.

democratic; autocratic

psychological empowerment

employees' belief that they have control over their work, is believed to drive intrinsic motivation.

positive interpersonal attributes

extraversion agreeableness communication skills emotional intelligence

typical characteristics of transformational leaders.

extroverted agreeable proactive

Which types of organizational cultures are more likely to foster opportunities for transformational leaders?

flexible adaptive

transactional leadership

focuses on clarifying employee's roles and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.

servant-leadership

focuses on increased service to others rather than to oneself

Bernard Bass concluded that leaders manage, and managers do what?

lead

the following can be systematically improved and developed?

leader behaviors

What are the three dimensions of situational control?

leader-member relations task structure position power

What are some of the individual-level behavioral outcomes associated with high level leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships?

less employee turnover greater employee engagement in organizational citizenship

interpersonal attributes, whether positive or negative, that leaders may possess.

narcissism agreeableness Machiavellianism extraversion

employee characteristics in the path-goal theory model.

need for achievement locus of control task ability need for clarity

leadership

process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

What do leaders want from followers?

productivity flexibility honesty reliability

the following are characteristics of ethical leadership

projecting ethical values to others rewarding ethical behavior treating employees with concern

Contingency theories of leadership

propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the situation

implicit leadership theory

proposes that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers

Ethical leadership

represents normatively appropriate behavior that focuses on being a moral role model

empowering leadership

represents the leader's ability to create perceptions of psychological empowerment in others.

According to Fiedler, the two leadership styles are:

task-oriented and relationship-oriented

Effective leadership is affected by a combination of

task-oriented traits and interpersonal attributes