Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Early Adulthood

"Maturing Out" of Alcoholism

-10 to 20% of dependent/alcoholics stop drinking on their own -32% can stop with minimal help -alcohol use tend to decline as people enter adulthood -continue to drink but consume less alcohol on each occasion

marijuana and emerging adults

-20% of 18-25 year old emerging adults and 13%, 26-34 report use in the last month -more likely to report recreational use -young people consume for different reasons; experimentation or for coping, relaxation, and enjoyment -most young people use it sporadic and limited in duration, but regular sustained use is associated with current/future dependence, adverse health and social outcomes

hookups and emerging adulthood

-60 to 80% of college students report one hookup -69% included sexual intercourse -the definition of hookup ranges from kissing to intercourse -often occur during college parties and frequently involve alcohol use -some students report enthusiasm but others report distress, in especially in context of drinking -women more likely to regret the encounter and negative emotional consequences are more common and pronounced in woman -both men and women who reported casual sex within the previous month scored lower than peers on measures of psychological well being (self-esteem, life satisfaction, psychological well being, and happiness) -benefits include: encounters are easier and less time consuming than relationships, and they also have the potential to be less emotionally damaging than a bad romantic relationship

dualistic thinking

-Polar reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as absolute facts, either right or wrong with no in-between. -learning is viewed as a matter of acquiring and assessing facts -individuals tend to have difficult grasping that contradicting arguments can have supporting evidence -frustrated by uncertainties -beginning college students to display this way of thinking

workplace and wellbeing

-Workplace policies influence employee morale and productivity. -Flexible policies that permit employees to balance home and work responsibilities (e.g., flexible starting and stopping times, opportunities to work from home, and time off to care for sick children) -positively associated with attendance, commitment to the organization, and work performance -negatively associated with distress symptoms -Workplaces with onsite child care show lower rates of employee absenteeism and higher productivity as compared with those without child care -When adults are able to balance work and family, they are more productive and happy workers, more satisfied spouses, and better parents, -they experience greater well-being at home and work

alcohol dependence

-a maladaptive pattern of alcohol use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress -signaled by tolerance, cravings and withdrawal, inability to reduce drinking, drinking more or for longer than intended, neglect of activities and obligations, and continued use of alcohol despite problems

sexual coercion and emerging adulthood

-a particularly vulnerable time for women -1 in 3 women experience nonconsensual sexual activity; experience sexual assault or rape over their lifetime -20-30% of EA women experience sexual assault -80% of victims experience sexual assault prior to age 25 -perpetrators often are acquaintances of victims -underreporting of rape is high -only about 20% report -2/3rds of women rape survivors (particularly those who experienced acquaintance rape) did not acknowledge their rape- used more beginning labels such as bad sex or miscommunication

Pathways to Prosperity report

-a solution proposed from Harvard Graduate School of Education for the US educational system to support multiple pathways in the transition to adulthood -opportunities for vocational training and obtaining relevant work experience will help young people try out careers and get relevant training for specific careers -training should relay expectations for youth

evaluating cognitive-development to adult development

-advances in post formal and cognitive-affective complexity vary among individuals -not all adults reach the most advanced levels of reasoning, most do not -the way researchers ask questions influence individuals' responses,and ultimately what is concluded about cognition -westerners tend to explain events caused by a single or few direct causes, while East Asian cultures tend to explain events caused by multiple factors that interact ,creating a ripple effect -cognitive affective empathy relies on advances in emotional awareness and regulation -this ability varies with situations, tasks, and contexts -advanced forms of programatic reasoning emerge with gains in knowledge, experience, and information processing

specification stage

-ages 18 to 21, individuals identify specific occupation goals and pursue the education needed to achieve them ex: Imani knew she wanted to do something business related, but had not selected among different majors: she considered several related majors and completed an internship before deciding to major in finance

implementation stage

-ages 21 to 24 -emerging adults complete training, enter the job market, and make the transition to become employees -the developmental task of this stage is to reconcile expectations about employment and career goals with available jobs -may take temporary jobs or change jobs as they learn about work roles and attach goals to availability ex: yolanda majored in eduction but found no teaching positions available at home, so she is working at an after-school program while applying for jibs in other cities and states -young adults who get their "Dream job" to must tailer and adapt their expectations and goals in light of their career setting

physical development in emerging and early adulthood

-all the organs and body systems peak in functioning from emerging adulthood into early adulthood -measurable age-related changes in functioning occur by age 30, but most people do not notices these changes until middle adulthood -aging means gradual changes in appearance, strength, body proportions, and fertility -body changes depend on genetics, health, ses, diet, exercise, smoking -organs and body systems age at different rates

fourth marker of emerging adulthood

-although we experience instability and transitions, most emerging adults have a sense of optimism -89% agreed with the statement, "I am confident that I will eventually get what I want out of life" -75% agreed with the statement, "I believe that, overall, my life will be better than my parents lives have been." -optimism is an important psychological resource during emerging adulthood (turbulent time) -progress in identity development and success are associated with psychosocial development -self esteem rises steadily from late adolescence through mid-20's -depressive symptoms decline and well being increases as young people make advances in emotional regulation, especially the ability to regulate intense emotions such as anger -emerging adults adopt adult roles at different times

cognitive development in emerging adulthood

-as individuals progress toward adulthood, their thinking becomes increasingly flexible and practical -adults come to expect uncertainty and ambiguity, and recognize that everyday problems are influence by emotion and experience rather than pure reasoning

developmental impact of attending college

-attending college has become a normative experience for emerging adults -2015, 69% of high School graduates in the US enrolled in 2 or 4 year colleges -associated with positive developmental outcomes -highly influential in shaping thoughts, values, and worldview -presents young people with new perspectives and encourages experimentation with alternative behaviors, beliefs, and values -courses often require students to construct arguments and solve complex problems, fostering the development of post formal reasoning -attending is associated with advances in moral reasoning, identity development, and social development -all colleges advance cognitive and psychosocial development -developmental outcomes are influenced by STUDENT CAMPUS INVOLVEMENT, not the type of university attended -students who are active in campus life feel a sense of belonging tend to show greater educational attainment -students who live in residence halls have more opportunities to interact with peers and become involved in social aspects, show the greatest cognitive gains in the college years

male rape victims

-becoming increasingly recognized, and most states have revised their rape laws to be sex neutral -men feel greater sense of shame and stigma are even less likely than women to report -national surveys suggest 2% of adult men in the United States have experienced sexual assault, with the majority committed by acquaintances -recent survey of college students suggest much higher prevalence of about 12%

birth rates and emerging adulthood

-birth to women in their 30's and 40's have increased substantially since the early 1990s -the average age of first birth has increased for US women of all ethnicities, 0.5 years for cuban mothers to 1.9 years for non-hispanic black mothers -increase in maternal age is maybe due the result of the decline in adolescent pregnancy -many young adults are waiting until have they completed education, established careers -the maturity and financial stability that accompany the 30's make for better parents

physical changes: hair

-by age 30, some individuals begin to notice gray hairs -hair follicle cells that produce pigment (color) becomes less abundant -men who are prone to hereditary baldness typically begin balding in their 30s

career setting and development

-career setting is an important context for psychosocial development in early adulthood. -Young adults must obtain a job, learn about their role and tasks, develop proficiency -work well with others, respond to direction, and develop a good working relationship with supervisors. -Work life influences young people's sense of competence, independence, and financial security -often a source of new friendships

physical changes: skin

-change is gradual, predictable, and unavoidable -begin at about age 20 -the connective tissue gradual thins, resulting in less elastic skin and visible wrinkles around the eyes by age 30 -the skin becomes dire as oil glands become less active -lines on foreheads in 30's, crows feet around 40 (markers of 4 decades of smiles, frowns, laughter, etc) -rate of skin aging is influenced by exposure to elements such as sun, hear, cold, pollution -exposure to sun is the most dramatic contributor to skin aging, responsible for about 80% of skin changes and the leading cause of skin cancer -use sunscreen

how to increase support for nontraditional college students

-daycare and affordable on campus child care -evening classes -extending business hours and student services -close parking -orientation programs for adult learners to provide info about support resources

postformal cognitive development

-depends on experience and metacognition (the ability to reflect on one's thought process) -social interaction is critical to post formal development -discussing multiple perspectives and solutions can spur individuals to evaluate their own reasoning -exposed to beliefs that challenges their knowledge and belief systems -with maturation, young people are more likely to compare their reassign process and justification with others and when these justifications fall short, adults seek a more adequate explanation and adjust their thinking accordingly

culture and emerging adulthood

-each culture rates accepting responsibility for consequences of one's actions as the most important criterion for adulthood -other important criteria vary by culture -North Americans rate independent choices and financial independence as a criteria for adulthood -Argentina young people rate the capacity to care for young children as the second most important criterion for women; Israeli people list being able to withstand pressure, Romanian people report norm compliance, and Chinese emerging adults rate good emotional regulation as being necessary for adulthood -none of these criteria were rated as necessary for adulthood by North Americans -appears that emerging adulthood occurs in western industrialized cultures

John Holland and the 6 personality types

-each personality type is best suited to a particular type of vocation -investigative, social, realistic, artistic, conventional, and enterprising

education and smoking

-education acts a protective factor -non college educated adults, 18-34, are more than twice as likely to smoke

sexual assault prevention

-effective prevention educates men and women about gender socialization and the nature and impact of sexual violence -debunks rape myths -offers suggestions on how to intervene as a bystander -in women: effective prevention includes helping women asses assault risk from acquaintances, overcome emotional barriers in acknowledging danger, and engage in effective and physical verbal self-defense

third marker of emerging adulthood

-emerging adults report feeling a sense of being in between neither adolescents nor adults -emerging adults tend to view becoming an adult based on personal characteristics such as personal responsibility and financial independence -young people who have had children/marriage are more likely to seem themselves as adults than those who have not -as young people make more profess toward their identity, they are more likely to perceive themselves as adults -only 1/3 of 18-21 year olds consider themselves adults, compared with over 50% of 22-25 year olds

risk factors for alcohol dependence and alcoholism

-environmental factors, personal choices, and circumstances influence whether an individual turns to alcohol as a coping mechanism -increase the risk for chronic diseases: cardiovascular disease, intestinal problems, neurologic impairment, liver disease, and several types of cancer -brain damage from chronic abuse can lead to memory and concentration problems, confusion, and apathy -successful treatments include individual and family counseling, group support, coping skills, and aversion therapy (use medication that produces negative reactions to alcohol such as vomiting)

physical activity benefits

-exercise is a powerful health benefit and an important influence on longevity -regular moderate exercise enhances immunity, lowering the risk of and speeding recovery to, illnesses -reduces risks for heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and reduces overall mortality all all times in the lifespan

first-generation college students and risks:

-experience a higher risk of dropout -tend to be less active in campus and extracurricular activities and less prepared than their peers, two factors that aid in adjusting to college and are risk factors for college dropout -often face economic circumstances that interfere with their ability to participate on campus -mroe likely to be enrolled part time, hold a job, or have mixed feelings about college -few family and peer models of how to succeed in college, may experience isolation and find it difficult to understand and adjust to college student role and expectations -report having fewer opportunities to talk about negative experiences -when students feel apart of the campus community, they are more likely to persist and graduate

contextual factors and post formal reasoning

-exposure to realistic but ambitious problems with supportive guidance, such with is often a part of college education in western cultures helps the development of post formal reasoning -given it is influenced by experience, not all emerging and young adults display it -chinese college students do not generally display the typical advancement from dualism to relativism to reflective judgment -Chinese students tend to lack opportunities for making their own choices and decisions in many areas such as career, academia, living arrangements -reasoning and devision are not only cognitive endeavors, but influenced by emotion

health, fitness, and wellness in emerging and early adulthood

-few deaths among emerging adults and young adults are the result of illness -the leading cause of death in U.S young adults through age 35 is unintentional injury -second: homicide and suicide -third: cancer and heart diseases -the most common fatal injuries are motor vehicle addicts, and drug overdose -accidents most common in adults under age 25 and overdoses in adults ages 25-35 -at all ages, SES is linked with health through its influence on -environmental factors (crowding, stress, pollution), -health-enhancing factors (exercise, diet, social support), and -health risks (obesity and substance abuse_

crystallization stage

-first stage of occupational development and begins in adolescence -ages 14 to 18 -begin to think about careers in increasingly complex ways, considering their own interests, personality, abilities, and values as well as the requirements of each career -career exploration is at first tentative -seek information by talking with family, friends, teachers, and the internet -compare what they learn with their own interests

cognitive performance and physical activity

-fitness is linked to cognitive performance throughout adulthood -young adults who demonstrate high levels of cardiovascular fitness tend to perform better on measures of basic cognitive abilities: attention, reaction time, working memory, and processing speed than low-fitness adults -remaining active helps young adults maintain motor skill competencies (throwing speed and jumping distance), which predict overall fitness, % of body fat, and strength

frequency of sexual activity in emerging adulthood

-frequency of sexual activity is closely related to marital status -married adults are more sexually active than single adults -the average American couple has sex 2-3 times per week in their 20's, but this gradually declines to about weekly their 30's -sexual activity is highest among people in young adulthood, from their mid-20's to mid-30's, and declines gradually in our 40's, and again in the 50's but the decline is modest -young adults engage in sexual activity only about 1-2 times more a month than their middle-aged counterparts -sex predicts positive affects the next day, and long term associations -frequency of sexual intercourse is associated with emotional, sexual, and relationship satisfaction, and overall happiness in adults

college and emerging adulthood

-has become a norm, but many students do not complete college -2/3rds who enroll in 4 year institutions graduate within 6 years and 1/3rd enrolled at 2 year institutions graduate within 3 years -student attrition is highest in colleges with open enrollment and those with relatively low admission requirements

alcohol use and abuse in emerging adulthood

-heavy and binge drinking are highest in emerging and young adulthood -1/3rd of adults 18-24 and 25-34, 1 in 5 adults 35-44 report binge drinking within the past 30 days -each year alcohol is implicated in one third of traffic fatalities and in 40% of all crimes -heavy drinking and alcohol related problems are more common among emerging adults regardless of college enrollment -14% of middle-aged adults report binge drinking within the past month

Health risks associated with obesity

-high blood pressure, stroke, circulatory problems, diabetes, digestive disorders, arthritis, cancer, and ultimately early death -weight gain throughout early adulthood predicts illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and cancer and death in middle adulthood -often experience weight-related biases and discrimination -experience more difficulty finding mates, rental apartments, and jobs -adult perceptions and experience of bias predict mental health problems, such as depression

survivors of sexual assault

-higher than average risk of developing PTSD, anxiety, depression, and alcohol and substance abuse -women who blame themselves tend to experience more adjustment difficulties, including a higher risk for depression -support from family and friends influences positive adjustment

career development and culture

-in western industrialized societies, men most often are employed continuously after completing their formal education until requirement -women display more varied and discontinuous career trajectories, interruptions or deferring their career in favor of childbearing and family caretaking -women may experience multiple transitions to and from work, with implications for their adjustment and satisfaction

causes of adult obesity:

-influenced by heredity, but the global obesity epidemic has stronger ties to environmental factors than genetic -physical labor is less part of the lifestyle than ever before in industrialized countries -less active with gains in technology -sugary, fatty, and processed foods have become abundant (western countries) -people in lower SES consume higher rates of bad foods -with age, it becomes difficult to avoid overeating because the caloric needs drop between the ages of 25 and 50, and the metabolic rate declines -sedentary lifestyles, desk jobs, and hours viewing TV are associated with obesity

Effects of heavy marijuana use

-interferes with executive functioning: problem solving, abstract reasoning, and judgment -- and the earlier the age of onset, the greater the effects -can interfere with completing developmental tasks, such as reaching education and career goals, forming intimate relationships and marriage, and taking on adult roles -marijuana users tend to be less responsive to negative consequences in making decisions -smokers experience respiratory problems common to tobacco smokers: cough, chest illnesses, and cancer -appears to have about 80% more carcinogens than tobacco smoke

discrimination in the workplace

-laws may guarantee equal opportunity, racial bias remains an influence, even prior to a job interview -hite male participants were asked to examine résumés that varied in quality (some indicated high qualifications and others low) and by the writer's race (African American, Hispanic, Asian, and White). The participants rated résumés from hypothetical Asian job seekers as highly qualified for high-status jobs, regardless of the actual résumé quality. When they were shown résumés indicating high qualifications, they rated them higher for White and Hispanic job seekers than for African Americans. -In fact, they gave African American job seekers negative evaluations regardless of résumé quality. -This result indicates how racial discrimination may make it difficult for even highly qualified African American candidates to obtain jobs. -In another study, college students judged recommendation letters for hypothetical job candidates of various ethnicities; the results were similarly biased against African Americans -In the workplace, discrimination is often subtle, such as an employer complimenting an African American employee's eloquence Frequently, subtle discrimination is unintentional; however, it is just as damaging -being discriminated against are related to poor physical health, including measures of stress, chronic illness, and acute illness, and mental health, such as depressive and anxiety symptoms

factors that influence tobacco use (smoking)

-life transitions: dramatic changes in social networks, living arrangements and school/work settings -during transitions to marriage, parenthood, and jobs, young adults may either reject tobacco use or begin smoking regularly so that it becomes an established addiction

transition to work

-many young people start out in careers that are not their first choice -explain that they simply "fell into it" -Young people's jobs frequently do not match their interests and education. -These mismatches are common during the early years of employment as young adults are learning about their competencies and preferences -Many young people find themselves employed in careers that are not their first choice, often explaining that they simply "fell into it," without exerting much effort or a choice. Young people's jobs frequently do not match their interests and education. These mismatches are common during the early years of employment as young adults are learning about their competencies and preferences and comparing them with the reality they encounter in the workplace. -one study of 1,200 Australian young adults found that 7 years after completing their schooling, only 20% were working in a field that represented their greatest interest -The day-to-day tasks entailed by a occupation differ from young people's expectations, typically face more clerical and other paperwork, longer work hours, less supportive and instructive supervisors, and lower pay than expected -The reality that vocational expectations are not always achieved can be a shock and can influence self-concept and occupational development as young adults revise their expectations. -this often leads young adults to resign and seek alternative jobs and careers -not uncommon for an individual to undergo as many as 7 jobs changes by age 28 -the median length of job tenure is about 4 years on average, but varies with age -median tenture of older workers 55-64 is 10 years

marijauna

-medical use becomes more common with age, especially into middle adulthood -sustained use is associated with self-reported cognitive difficulties and personal problems during middle to late 20's, including lower levels of academic attainment, lower income, greater levels of unemployment, conflict with partners, and poor life satisfaction

men who sexually assault

-men who engage in sexual assault tend to interpret women's behavior inaccurately, often perceiving warmth and friendliness as sexual interest -they buy into rape myths: victims "asked for it" by flirting or the way she dressed -sex with a partner, friend, or acquaintance cannot be considered rape -believe men are driven to commit rape by uncontrollable sexual impulses

minority women and the workplace

-minority women are faced with multiple obstacles to their career success, often experiencing both gender and racial discrimination. -women who reach career success tend to display high self-efficacy, or feelings of personal control, and engage in active problem solving, confronting problems rather than avoiding them -African American women who become leaders in their professions tend to report close supportive relationships with successful women -such as mentors, colleagues, and similarly successful friends, who help them set high expectations and provide support in achieving them. -Mentoring is important for career development of all young adults -Women of color report strong desires to be mentored by women of their own ethnicity. -However, the ethnic and gender obstacles to career success mean that women of color may find it difficult to establish a mentoring relationship with a mentor of their choice

fertility and reproductive ability in men:

-most men remain able to conceive into older adulthood -sperm can be affected by anything that interferes with the functioning of the body, such as fever, stress, drug abuse, alcoholism, radiation, and environmental toxins -exposure can reduce the number of sperm or affect their physical structure, activity, and motility -lifestyle and contextual factors contribute to fertility -number and quality of sperm produced decline in middle adulthood, around age 40

College and emerging adulthood

-most research on emerging adulthood has sampled college students -college enrollment often delays residential and financial dependence J.Arnett describes college as an essential playground for emerging adult, temporary safe haven to explore possibilities in love, work, and worldview without the responsibilities of adult life -therefore, emerging adulthood may be interwoven with socioeconomic status

how much exercise is enough?

-national guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate activity each week, or 75 minutes of vigorous activity, plus muscle strengthening on at least 2 days each week -about 300 minutes of moderate or 150 minutes of vigorous exercise may be required each week to lose weight -the activity does not have be performed in a single block of time, but in 10 minute increments throughout the day -physical activity tends to decline from adolescence into emerging/young adulthood, increasing the risk for poor health throughout adulthood

work and family: fathers

-nearly all married fathers work, and most share child care and household responsibilities with their wives -this makes work-life balance a task for both spouses

contextual factors and obesity

-people in lower SES communities may be deterred from outside physical actives because of sense of neighborhood safety -lower-income communities tend to have fewer chain markets and grocery stores, but more convenience stores and fast food restaurants -financial disparities contribute because a healthier diet is 50% more expensive than a much less healthy diet

influences on vocational choice

-personality traits and abilities -we are most satisfied with occupations that match our personalities and other traits, such as intelligence and skills -contextual influences: Family and educational opportunities -parents influence career choices by tending to share personality characteristics and abilities with their children and influence educational attainment, which in turn influences career choice -parents act as role models -SES and parents' occupational fields influence career choice -young people in high SES households are more likely to receive career information from parents -Among low-SES first-generation college students, a sense of ethnic identity and maternal support predicted career expectations and, in turn, school engagement—the behavior needed to achieve vocational goals -Young people in high-SES households are more likely to receive career information from parents. In one study, African American mothers with at least some exposure to college were more likely than other mothers to use a variety of strategies to aid their daughters' progress on academic and career goals, such as gathering information about career options, colleges, and professionals from whom to seek advice (Kerpelman, Shoffner, & Ross-Griffin, 2002). Regardless of socioeconomic status, parents can provide support and motivation. Among low-SES first-generation college students, a sense of ethnic identity and maternal support predicted career expectations and, in turn, school engagement—the behavior needed to achieve vocational goals (Kantamneni, McCain, Shada, Hellwege, & Tate, 2016). Research with college students in the Philippines showed that parent and teacher support predicted career optimism (P. R. J. M. Garcia, Restubog, Bordia, Bordia, & Roxas, 2015). Parental expectations and encouragement for academic success and pursuit of high-status occupations also predict vocational choice and success (Maier, 2005).

contextual influences on sexual assault

-prevalence of rape myths can affect the prevalence of sexual affect -college men are more accepting of rape myths are more likely to cling to them following date rape education classes -gender-role stereotyping; encouraging dominance, aggression and competition in males and passivity in females may support attitudes of accepting sexual violence -peers who are highly gender stereotyped and believe in strict gender roles are more likely to blame sexual assault survivors, express attitudes condoning nonconsensual sex, and be aroused by depiction of rape

second marker of emerging adulthood

-primary time for identity exploration -not until emerging adulthood that most individuals have the opportunity to sample opportunities and life options -no longer under parental restriction and without the full range of adult responsibilities, finally able to engage in exploration that comprises identity development -make changes in educational paths, romantic partners, and jobs -comes with risk taking such as increased substance use -exciting but confusing, especially for people unable to make choices about career paths or love/work is unattainable

Occupational Stages: Donald Super

-proposed the development of occupational goals progresses through five stages: crystallization, specification, implementation, stabilization, and consolidation -these stages are not followed by a universal pattern -not everyone progresses in the prescribed order or at the same place -career development does not progress in a linear fashion, and most adults do not hold the same occupation throughout adulthood -ex: adults in their 5-s today, had an average of 9 occupations between 18-40, while today's adults have held 6 different jobs tweet 18-26

mental health and physical activity

-regular physical activity benefits include improved mood, energy, and ability to cope -lower levels of stress, anxiety and depression

fertility and reproductive ability in women:

-reproductive capacity peaks in the 20's and declines with age, increasing the risk for women in their mid to late 30s of experiencing difficulty conceiving -changes occur in the quality of ova and the rate of ovulation -women are born with about 400,000 ova, they decay with and chromosomal anomalies -accumulating risks pregnancy loss or miscarriage -common cause of female infertility is the failure to ovulate -ovulation becomes less regular as we age -illnesses and contextual factors can effect reproduction (ovarian cancer/cysts, drug abuse, being under/overweight)

alcohol and college students

-research suggest that binge/heavy drinking may be part of a "stage of life phenomenon" for which the transition out of high school increases the risk -young people experience greater exposure to drinking and encounter higher levels of peer drinking and positive attitudes towards alcohol resulting in alcohol use increasing -most report more positive consequences of drinking than negative consequences, which contributes to high rates of drinking -although emerging adults in college tend to drink more than their non-college peers, heavy drinking and alcohol related problems are more common among emerging adults regardless of college enrollment

tobacco

-smoking is the leading cause of death in the United States, responsible for 1 in 5 deaths each year -90% of smokers have their first cigarette before age 18, but regular or daily smoking doesn't begin until age 20 or later -overall risk of initiating smoking plates age 22 and is rare after 24 -13% of emerging adults, 18-24, are current smokers compared with 18% of adults 25-44 -many smokers do not consider themselves smokers because they engage in social smoking, "bumming" cigarettes rather than buying them and smoking in social groups -62% of young adults who recently smoked identified themselves as social smokers

sexual activity in emerging adulthood and double standards

-social acceptability of sex outside of romantic relationships is a double standard -women receive negative social sanctions while men receive social rewards, and may even experience psychological distress if they do not engage in hookups -this standard for women may make hooking up potentially more damaging for women -despite this, may emerging adults perceive benefits to hooking up

emerging adulthood: transition to adulthood

-social changes have prolonged the transition to adulthood, creating the period: emerging adulthood -with people entering college more, the traditional markers of adulthood (School, marriage, family) is becoming delayed relative to prior generations -when adolescents enter this age at 18 they are dependent on parents, and are beginning to explore romantic relationships -by the end, mid-20's, most live independent and have identified romantic and career paths -"in-between" status in which we are no longer adolescents but have not assumed the roles that comprise adulthood

e-cigarettes

-some smokers turn to e-cigarettes, viewing them as safer -aerosolize nicotine and produce a vapor that emulates cigarettes -ecigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco product among young adults, 40% of emerging adults 18-25, report using in the past month -research suggest it is not safer -users show increase risk for transitioning to tobacco smoking

first-generation college students

-students whose parents do not have formal education beyond high school; do not have 4-year degrees -1/3rd of students are first-gen -more likely to be POC -14% of all first gen college students in the US were African American, while 18% were hispanic -experience cultural mismatch between their college environment and sense of self and communities in which they identify -communities of interdependence contrasts with the norms of independence of college -transition is influenced by college environment -colleges responsible to the academic, social, and cultural needs of students help them to adjust and succeed -colleges can provide opportunities for faculty and students to form connections, help students develop study skills, and assist students in getting involved on campus

nontraditional college students strengths:

-tend to show a readiness to learn and a problem-centered orientation toward learning that emphasizes acquiring the knowledge and skills needed for career advancement -more complex knowledge based from which to draw and emphasize seeking meaning and applying what they learn to their lives -experience and multiple roles make meaning of theoretical concepts

physical changes: muscle development and strength

-tends to improve throughout the 20's, peaking at age 30 -activities that require body coordination, bursts of strength (sprinting/playing basketball),tend to peak in the 20's -activities that require endurance, such as distance running, peak in the early 30's and show declines after age 40 -muscle strength (measured by the maximum force one can throw a ball), shows a gradual decline beginning at age 30 but isn't noticed until middle age -physical abilities show a predictable pattern, physical activity plays a large role in maintaining shape and endurance throughout adulthood

substance abuse and emerging adulthood

-tends to rise as young people live away from their parents for the first time -EA experience the drive to explore the world, as well as feel pressure to complete their education, begin a career, find a mate -this can increase the risk of alcohol and substance abuse -In North America, substance use (drug, alcohol, and tobacco) begins during adolescence, peak in the early 20's, and declines in the 30;s -similar patterns of use occur in Australia, New Zealand and Northern European countries -substance use tends to decline as young adults become parents and transition into new family rules -substance use remains prevalent in adulthood, with 15% of adults over age 26 reporting illicit drug use within the past year

overweight and obesity

-the absence of parental controls, access to an abundance of food, being busy, and stresses associated with life transitions (college/career) make it difficult for emerging adults to eat healthy -obesity has increased substantially -obesity is characterized by a BMI of 30+ and overweight, BMI of 25+ -33% over the age of 20 are overweight and 45% are obese -young adult men and women show similar rates of obesity -obesity increases from early to middle adulthood for all adults, while females show a small increase over men

Emerging Adulthood (18-25)

-the extended transition from adolescent to adulthood -emerging adult refers to individuals 25 and under

consolidation stage

-the final stage; from age 35 and up -adults accumulate experience and advance up the carer ladder, moving into supervisory position and becoming responsible for the next generation of workers

post formal reasoning

-thinking and problem solving are restructured in adulthood to integrate abstract reasoning with practical considerations -followed Piaget's final stage known as formal operational -adults who demonstrate post-formal reasoning recognize most problems have multiple causes and solutions, some solutions are better choices than others, and all problems involve uncertainty

contextual nature of emerging adulthood

-thought to be a response to larger societal changes in Western changes -emerging adulthood is not universal -transitions do not occur at the same pace or in the same order for everyone

first marker of emerging adulthood

-time of instability, probably the most unstable period in life -greater diversity in emerging adulthood than other periods of life -highest rates of residential changes and living situations -changes in romantic relationship -several job challenges -instability is challenging, posing risks to mental health -more than 50% of emerging adults experience anxiety, and 1/3rd report feeling depressed

Sexual activity in emerging adulthood

-today's adolescents initiate sex at older ages than recent generations, but are more accepting of consensual premarital sex -the average number of sexual reporters reported by adults rose from 7 in 1988 to 11 in 2012 (18 in males, 6 in females) -most emerging adults are unmarried -social script of EA as a "time to experiment" is conducive to casual sex -casual sex has always existed but receive more media attention because college students call it hooking up

diversity in the workplace

-western industrialized countries are becoming increasingly diverse, a women and minorities enter all careers -Europe and North America, about 50% of the labor force is female -57% of women in the US work compared with 47% of women in Canada -ethnic diversity is increasing in every occupation and every nation -women and minorities still face obstacles to career success, aka the glass ceiling -women and minorities tend to fill lower-level positions and numbers decline with each higher rung on the career ladder -women in the US hold 75% of office and administrative support positions but only 39% of management positions -50% of Asian Americans and 40% of White Americans hold managerial and professional positions, compared with less than one third of African Americans and less than 1/25 of hispanic or latino American

why is smoking so addictive?

-with each cigarette, the consumer consumes one to two milligrams of nicotine -nicotine quickly enters the blood and reaches the brain and stimulates reward pathways -withdrawal symptoms begin quickly after the last cigarette: include irritability, craving, anxiety, and attention deficits -other symptoms include depression, sleep problems, and increased appetite -when a smoker quits, symptoms peak within the first few days and usually subside within a few weeks -nearly 35 million people in the US wish to quit each year, but more than 85% of those who try, relapse within the first week

work and family: mothers

-working mothers has increased dramatically over the past four decades. -In 2016, the majority of U.S. mothers of children under the age of 18, both married and unmarried, were working -mothers with very young children are only slightly less likely to work than those with older children -Over 66% of mothers with a child under 6 years of age and 57% of mothers with an infant under a year old are in the labor force

stabilization stage

-young adults from 25 to 35 -become established in a carer, settle into specific jobs, Gian experience, and adapt to changes in their workplace and field of work

socioeconomic status and emerging adulthood

-young people who drop out of high school, experience early parenthood, begin working immediately after high school, or live in low SES communities may experience limited period of emerging adulthood or not at all -may be extended into the late 20's for people who obtain advanced training (medical or law school) -some theorists argue that emerging adulthood is not a life stage, but is simply an indicator of medium to high socioeconomic status and the educational and career opportunities that accompany such status -POC may be less likely to experience emerging adulthood

cognitive-affective complexity

A form of mature thinking that involves emotional awareness, the ability to integrate and regulate intense emotions, and the recognition and appreciation of individual experience -increases from early adulthood through late middle adulthood -reasoning in everyday situations is a matter of logic and fused with emotion -we learn emotional regulation over time -adults better understand others, including their perspectives, feelings, and motivations -in turn, helps them to interact with others in more sensitive and complex ways, enhancing relationships

The Forgotten Third

About 1/3 of high school graduates in the U.S. transition from high school to work without attending college. -2016, only 39% of adults held college degrees by age 29 -many cite economic barriers for not going to college, such as the high cost of college or the need to support their family -referred to as "forgotten" by educators, scholars, and policy makers because few sources are directed toward learning about or assisting them -have fewer work opportunities than those of prior generations -the rate of unemployment for HS graduates is about twice that of bachelor's degree holders -many young people with hs degrees spend their first working years in jobs that are similar to those in high school: unskilled, with low pay and little security -HS graduates earn less and more likely to be unemployed -secondary education has shifted toward emphasizing academics and reducing vocational training, leaving young adults who do not attend college ill prepared for the job market

beginning college students tend to display _____ thinking A. relativistic B. dualistic C. postformal D. reflective

B. dualistic

which is the most mature type of reasoning? A. relativistic B. reflective C. dualistic D. postformal

B. reflective judgment

pragmatic thought

In Labouvie-Vief's theory, a type of thinking where logic is used as a tool to address everyday problems and contradictions are viewed as part of life ex: coming to terms with relative power: at home, more autonomy, at work: follow directions of employer

reflective judgment

Mature type of reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives -acknowledges multiple options and then carefully evaluates them to choose the most adequate solution -the most mature type of reasoning -although reasoning advances, few adults demonstrate reflective judgment

work and family conflict

Most parents find it difficult to meet the competing demands of family and career, because, in today's workplace, many adults are expected to bring work home or be available during nonwork hours via mobile devices. -both men and women report feeling conflict between work and family obligations -control over work time predicts safistrction with work-life balance and lower levels of work-life conflict

________ is the key to identifying sexual assault: includes instances in which the victim is coerced by fear tactics, such as threats or use of physical harm, or is incapable of giving consent due to the influence of drugs or alcohol or because of age

Nonconsensual

senescence

a pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning

nontraditional college students

adult learners over age 25 -23% are enrolled in public 2 year colleges and 11% enrolled in public 4 year colleges -more likely to be juggling more roles in life: worker, spouse, parent, caregiver -demands of school, family, and work conflict resulting in class absences and missed assignments -over 1/3rd of students are POC, and majority are women -often seek a degree to be eligible for higher paying and more satisfying careers -others enroll to change career paths -employers sometimes encourage students to enroll to learn new skills -the practical details of college life are difficult: courses are oriented toward emerging adults, during the day- conflicting with work hours -difficulty accessing advisors and student support

the most commonly used substance, after ______, is ______

alcohol; marijuana

CTE

chronic traumatic encephalopathy. -progressive form of neurodegeneration -first identified in boxers -associated with symptoms of irritability, impulsivity, aggression, depression, STM loss, heightened suicidality, appearing 8-10 years after the disease onset -can be mistaken for Alzheimer;s disease -research on CTE has centered on American football players -CTE was diagnosed in 110 of 111 former NFL players -can only be diagnosed postmortem (death) -in 2013, 4500 retired NFL players sued then fl for concealed information about the dangers of head trauma, resulting in 765 million settlement -nhl is facing similar lawsuit -2016, NFL and nhl issued new protocols for identifying and evaluating concussions to protect players better

binge drinking

consuming five or more drinks in one sitting in men, and four drinks in one sitting in women -associated with negative short/long term consequences for physical and psychological well-being, including academic problems, fatal/nonfatal injuries, violence and crime, std's and sexual assault

the commonly used term _____ for nonconsensual sexual activity with an acquaintance downplays the severity of sexual assault. When alcohol is involved, victims blame themselves for drinking and/or wrongly assume that they sent "mixed signals" or "things got out of hand"

date rape

understanding of knowledge levels in order are:

dualistic thinking, relativistic thinking, and then reflective judgment

Artistic

enjoys individual expression; likely to select a career in the arts, including writing and performing arts

Social personality

enjoys interacting with people; likely to select a human services career -teaching, nursing, counseling

Enterpriaing

enjoys leading and persuading others; values adventure; likely to select a career in sales or politics

investigative personality

enjoys working with ideas; likely to select a scientific career -biologist, physicist

realistic personality

enjoys working with objects and real-world problems; likely to select a mechanical career -carpenter, mechanic, plumber

general speaking, early adulthood is a time of _______ physical health?

good

marijauna legalization

growing number of US states have joined countries, such as Germany, Australia, Spain, India, and Canada, in authorizing its sale for medical and recreational purposes -federal government does not distinguish medical marijuana from illicit marijuana -29 states have legalized marijuana -medical marijuana has not been subjected to the careful scientific study and medical trials that other drugs are subjected too so there is no reliable guidelines on the use or implications of prolonged use -in 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first U.S. states to legalize the sell and possession for recreational use -9 states permit recreational use -regulates in similar ways to alcohol -60% of us adults support legalization -one concern is the effect on children and adolescents -overall, behaviors have changed little as a result of legalization among children

weight loss and health

health outcomes improve with even moderate weight loss -successful long term weight is challenging -succesful weight loss is most often a result of lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise with nutritional balanced diet -effective weight loss interventions emphasize behaviors and encourage individuals to keep records of what they eat and analyze eating patterns in their food choices -since any people overeat as a reaction to stress, training in problem solving helps participants learn non-food related ways of managing stress , as well as increasing social support

nontraditional college students characteristics:

older than the typical-age student, independent for financial aid purposes, have one or more dependents, attend college-part time, and may work full-time -each of these factors pose significant challenges to success in college

what is the most important factor in selecting a career?

personality

this ability to accept inconsistencies and use reasoning to determine the best alternatives, to apply reflective judgment in real-life world contexts is known as to ____

pragmatic thought

conventional personality

prefers well-structured tasks; values social status; likely to select a career in business -accounting, banking

education acts as a _______ factor to smoking

protective

role overload

refers to high levels of stress that result from attempting to balance the demands of multiple roles: employee, mother, and spouse -associated with poor health, depressive symptoms, ineffective parenting, and marital conflict -Successfully managing multiple roles entails setting priorities, such as de-emphasizing household chores and expectations of an immaculate home in favor of spending more time with children -research suggests that women who best manage role overload are those who seek physical/emotional support from others

work-life balance

the challenge of finding time and energy for both a career and personal pursuits such as family -a concern to most families today, especially mothers -a concern to most adults in western countries -Variations in the reported experience of work-life balance differed by country alongside differences in national regulations regarding work hours, suggesting that workplace politics influence sense of work-life balance and overall well being

glass ceiling

the invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing to the highest levels of the career ladder

ovulate

the release of an ovum into the Fallopian tube

epistemic cognition

the ways in which individuals understand the nature of knowledge and how they arrive at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions

heavy drinking

two or more instances of binge drinking within the past 30 days

relativistic thinking

type of reasoning in which knowledge is viewed as subjective and dependent on the situation -comes with experience and exposure to viewpoints, arguments, and inherent contradictions -thinking becomes more flexible, relinquish the belief in absolute knowledge that characterizes dualistic black and white thinking -at first, may think that most topics are matter of opinion and all views are correct but the more mature thinker recognizes there are more options and the best solution

Early Adulthood (25-40)

young adult will refer to all individuals under age 40, including emerging adults