Chapter 13 Practice Questions
D
Based on the textbook's definitions of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Discrimination is always accompanied by prejudice. B. Prejudice is always accompanied by discrimination. C. A prejudice can be positive or negative. D. A stereotype can be positive or negative.
B
Bushman and Bonacci (2004) found that prejudiced participants were likely to return a lost e-mail that had been addressed to someone with an Arab surname as compared to a European-American surname. A. 12% more B. 12% less C. 70% more D. 70% less
C
It would be MOST accurate to say that the majority of stereotypes are __________ and, the majority of stereotypes, when scrutinized, turn out to be __________. A. positive, accurate reflections of reality B. positive, flat-out inaccurate C. negative, accurate reflections of reality D. negative, flat-out inaccurate
D
People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as A. the discontinuity effect B. ingroup favoritism C. stigma by association D. the minimal group effect
A
Which of the following statements BEST describes how prejudice and stereotypes affect their targets? A. People dislike being stereotyped. B. People like being stereotyped as long as the stereotype is accurate. C. People like being stereotyped as long as the stereotype is positive. D. People dislike stereotyping, but like prejudice.
B
Jussim and Harber's (2005) research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and in the classroom found that A. the effects are quite large--teacher expectations explain student achievement. B. the effects are quite small--teacher expectations are accurate. C. teacher expectations are quite inaccurate. D. teacher's promote the self-defeating prophecy.
D
Research suggests that, by and large, stereotypes function as A. desires or hopes. B. hard-and-fast beliefs. C. fears or suspicions. D. expectations or hypotheses.
A
According to the textbook, are the tendencies to engage in object categorization and social categorization (regardless of content) tendencies that seem to be innately programmed in people, or tendencies that seem to be culturally learned? A. Both seem to be innately programmed. B. Both seem to be culturally learned. C. Categorization of objects seems to be innately programmed, but social categorization seems to be culturally learned. D. Social categorization seems to be innately programmed, but categorization of objects seems to be culturally learned.
B
According to the textbook, how early on do anti-fat attitudes begin? A. They appear to be innate, or inborn. B. They begin as early as preschool. C. They begin as early as ages 7-8. D. They begin as early as adolescence (ages 11 and on).
A
According to the textbook, is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful? A. There are a number of cultures where no competition exists at all—among adults or children. B. There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among adults, but it still exists among children. C. There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among children, but it still exists among adults. D. There are a number of cultures where competition is rare, among both children and adults, but there are no known cultures where it does not exist.
D
According to the textbook, there is/are __________ known peaceful societies in the world. A. no B. only one C. about 5 D. about 25
C
According to the textbook, which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs living in the United States? A. Both highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) and relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) are extremely common. B. Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) have dramatically increased since before 9/11; relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have actually declined. C. Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) are relatively rare; but relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have increased since before 9/11. D. Both highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) and relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have actually decreased since before 9/11.
C
As described in the textbook, the self-serving bias is MOST directly linked to A. aversive prejudice. B. the outgroup homogeneity bias. C. scapegoat theory. D. stigma by association.
B
As discussed in the textbook, one of the key differences between object categorization and social categorization is the fact that social categorization A. occurs much more quickly. B. is more emotionally engaging. C. involves subtyping (while object categorization doesn't). D. is learned (while object categorization isn't).
D
As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is BEST thought of as A. an outgrowth of a prejudice or group of prejudices. B. a type of prejudice. C. an example of subtyping. D. a consequence of the human tendency for social categorization.
A
Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is extremely liberal politically, and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. It appears MOST likely that Chuck A. is an aversive racist. B. is high in social dominance orientation. C. is experiencing the discontinuity effect. D. maintains stereotypes about minority groups, but is not prejudiced.
A
Do implicit or explicit prejudiced attitudes do a better job of predicting workplace discrimination in hiring practices? A. Implicit attitudes are more predictive. B. Explicit attitudes are more predictive. C. Implicit and explicit attitudes are equally predictive. D. It is impossible to determine.
B
During the second phase of the Robber's Cave experiment, the boys from the Eagles and the Rattlers had contact with each other. A. no B. competitive C. cooperative D. little
A
Groups are more influenced by competition than individuals are. This effect has been dubbed A. "the discontinuity effect." B. "group conflict theory." C. "the minimal group effect." D. "group polarization."
B
If discrimination is a behavior, then a stereotype is __________ and a prejudice is __________. A. an affect, a cognition B. a cognition, an affect C. a tendency, a habit D. a habit, a tendency
D
Implicit prejudiced attitudes are A. fairly uncommon and do a poor job of predicting behavior. B. fairly uncommon, but do a good job of predicting behavior. C. fairly common, but do a poor job of predicting behavior. D. fairly common and do a good job of predicting behavior.
C
Implicit prejudices and explicit prejudices A. are almost perfectly positively correlated. B. are moderately to strongly positively correlated. C. are uncorrelated to weakly positively correlated. D. are strongly negatively correlated.
D
In a well-known study using archival data, researchers Hovland and Sears found that—in the southern U.S., between 1882 and 1930—there was a statistically significant correlation between the market price of cotton and the frequency of interracial lynching incidents. This study has typically been interpreted as supporting A. the contact hypothesis. B. realistic conflict theory. C. social dominance theory. D. scapegoat theory.
C
Rationalization of oppression is an explanation for prejudice that focuses on prejudice and stereotyping as tools to A. promote one's self esteem. B. remain ignorant of a group's actual behavioral characteristics. C. protect the political goals of the powerful group. D. think more efficiently.
D
Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). The groups were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? That is, how was their animosity finally brought to an end? A. They were brought into more and more frequent contact with one another. B. They engaged in a number of tasks that built perspective-taking abilities. C. They were put in a situation that established a clear winner and a clear loser. D. They were put in a situation where they needed to cooperate in order to achieve a superordinate goal.
D
Research examining differences between prejudiced people and non-prejudiced people suggests that, in general, non-prejudiced people A. are unfamiliar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups. B. are familiar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups, but also hold a set of positive stereotypes of these groups. C. are familiar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups, but do not think of those stereotypes when meeting people who belong to those groups. D. are familiar with the common negative stereotypes of different groups, and think of those stereotypes when meeting people who belong to those groups, but override those stereotypes with other conscious beliefs.
A
Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. However, as discussed in the textbook, one exception to this pattern is when an outgroup member appears to be __________. In that case, he or she is well-remembered and well-recognized. A. angry. B. powerful. C. kind or generous. D. non-threatening.
C
Research has shown that benevolent sexism is for women's cognitive performance than hostile sexism. A. better B. the same C. worse D. irrelevant to
B
Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that A. contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence for a link between prejudice and self-esteem. B. people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem. C. engaging in prejudice tends to lower people's self-esteem, and people seem, at some level, to know this. D. people expect that engaging in prejudice will make them feel better about themselves, but it actually tends to lower self-esteem.
A
Research on salaries and racial discrimination in major league English football suggests that teams that engaged in racial discrimination had to pay overall to attain the same win-loss record as achieved by a team with black players. A. 5% more B. 15% more C. 20% more D. 50% more
B
Research on the economics of sports suggests that A. racial discrimination is financially beneficial for some teams. B. racial discrimination is costly for some teams. C. racial discrimination does not occur. D. racial discrimination is rare.
F
Research suggests that one key way in which non-prejudiced people differ from prejudiced people is that non-prejudiced people are not aware of the negative stereotypes of other groups. T/F
B
Research suggests that, in general, prejudiced people and non-prejudiced people differ from one another in terms of A. their automatic responses to other groups. B. their conscious responses to other groups. C. both their automatic responses to other groups and their conscious responses to other groups. D. neither their automatic responses to other groups nor their conscious responses to other groups.
B
Research suggests that, when it comes to prejudice reduction, direct educational and attitude-change techniques are MOST effective at dealing with A. aversive racism. B. overt expressions of prejudice. C. implicit prejudice. D. prejudiced body language (e.g., nonverbal cues that indicate prejudice).
B
Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) showed different groups of people identical videotape footage of "Hannah," a girl who was said to come either from an impoverished background or from a wealthy background. They found that people stereotyped the girl as intellectually inferior when they were led to believe that she came from an impoverished background. However, this stereotype emerged only when participants saw footage of Hannah performing ambiguously on an oral exam. This finding is BEST explained by the concept of A. stigma by association. B. the confirmation bias. C. the fundamental attribution error. D. scapegoat theory.
A
Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice. These are A. internal and external. B. implicit and explicit. C. ingroup-driven and outgroup-driven. D. enhancement-based and consistency-based.
D
Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the internal motive is based on A. self-esteem needs. B. a belief that individuals are responsible for their own actions. C. consistency needs. D. a strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong.
B
Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that A. obesity negatively impacts both genders about thE same degree. B. obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women. C. obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially men. D. obesity negatively impacts women, but does not negatively impact men.
B
Sherif's Robber's Cave Study was conducted in phases. A. two B. three C. four D. six
C
Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is an "evening person." Which of the following should be TRUE regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes? A. They should both use stereotypes throughout the day. B. They should both tend to use more stereotypes late in the day. C. Fred should use tend to use more stereotypes late in the day. D. Ned should use tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
B
Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico, and that—even though he has never been to the U.S.— he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. According to the textbook, these stereotypes are likely MOST likely based on A. the few brief interactions he has had with Americans in Mexico. B. what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans. C. what he knows about other groups of foreigners. D. his assumptions about what Americans "must be like" given what he knows about the U.S. as a country.
D
Suppose that Tim is relatively prejudiced against college athletes (he believes that they are overly aggressive and nonintellectual), while Alex is not prejudiced against college athletes. Research suggests that Tim and Alex differ in that A. Alex has less factual knowledge about college athletes than Tim does. B. Alex knows fewer college athletes than Tim does. C. Alex does not call to mind stereotypes about college athletes when he meets them, whereas Tim does. D. both call to mind stereotypes about college athletes when they meet them, but Alex overrides such stereotypes with other conscious beliefs whereas Tim does not.
A
Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup) A. immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined. B. as soon as their ingroup became an important part of their personal identity. C. only after the two teams had engaged in direct competition. D. only after they had "bonded" with their ingroup by enduring a shared hardship.
B
Suppose that the CEO of a financial consulting company employs only tall people. Even though this CEO interviews equal numbers of short and tall applicants who are qualified to work at his company, he never hires any of the short ones. According to social psychologists, the CEO's behavior would be BEST described as an example of __________. A. stereotyping B. discrimination C. prejudice D. aversive prejudice
D
Suppose that you are supposed to go on a blind date, and you find out that the date is with an investment banker. Suppose further that you hold the stereotype that investment bankers are aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic. If you are like MOST people, you will spend the evening A. assuming that the date is aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic, without ever looking for evidence one way or the other. B. hoping that the date will be aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic. C. testing the hypothesis that the date is aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic. D. thinking about how much you detest people who are aggressive, rude, self-serving, and chauvinistic.
B
The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that A. when given the option, people tend to automatically classify themselves into the social group with the most variance. B. people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members. C. people derogate others in order to maintain positive self-esteem. D. social categorization is an innate, fundamental human process.
D
The so-called "discontinuity effect" is lessened when A. there is preexisting animosity between the groups. B. the group is large rather than small. C. individuals are highly identified with their group. D. individual group members are identifiable.
D
The so-called "minimal group effect" MOST directly suggests that A. prejudices can be "unlearned" just as quickly as they can be "learned." B. people are predisposed to identify themselves with a larger social group. C. the more social groups there are, the less prejudice there should be. D. people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us."
D
What does the textbook suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes—do they seem to contain a kernel of truth? A. Most common stereotypes are flat-out inaccurate. B. Most common stereotypes are vaguely on the mark—somewhere between flat-out wrong and fairly accurate. C. Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate in terms of their content, but exaggerate the supposed magnitude of their effects. D. Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.
D
When you meet a new person, stereotypes typically serve to A. establish what you want that person to be like. B. warn you about problems or dangers that the individual presents. C. guide the assumptions that you have about the individual—which you will hold on to no matter what. D. provide you with hypotheses to be tested about that individual.
C
Which of the following BEST qualifies as an example of prejudice? A. Sarah believes that gay men tend to like fashion. Thus, when Sarah meets Tom, a gay friend of her brother's, she asks him who his favorite fashion designer is (instead of asking him, say, about sports or movies). B. A CEO of an advertising agency decides that she would like to employ more women. Thus, even though the agency receives applications from equally qualified men and women, far more women than men are hired. C. Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the bus earlier this week, she therefore felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person. D. Horace has never met a black person before, but he watches a lot of old movies, and he has learned from these movies to associate black people with aggression as well as athleticism.
A
Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice? A. While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate. B. Prejudice could be significantly reduced via education and structural changes to society. C. Prejudice is not at all inevitable; it exists in some cultures but not in others, suggesting that a prejudice-free culture is wholly possible. D. Prejudice is more or less natural, and almost all attempts to reduce prejudices have been completely ineffective.
B
Which of the following findings has been MOST frequently interpreted as evidence for scapegoat theory? A. The finding that people often state that they are not prejudiced against certain groups, but display prejudice when they are assessed indirectly. B. Hovland and Sears's finding that—in the southern U.S., between 1882 and 1930—there was a statistically significant correlation between the market price of cotton and the frequency of interracial lynching incidents. C. Sherif's finding—based on his research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave—that the groups became prejudiced against one another when required to compete but friendly toward one another when required to work together to achieve common goals. D. Tajfel's finding that ingroup favoritism occurs even when people are randomly assigned to groups and have no prior attachment to them.
D
Which of the following is the BEST definition of "stereotyping"? A. A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group B. A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or ethnic group C. Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong D. Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.
D
Which of the following is the BEST example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? A. Greg loves to be around attractive people because he thinks that he himself is good-looking (even though he is actually very bad-looking). B. Greg has a broken arm and cannot write well. As a consequence, his arm gets no exercise. C. Greg has no health insurance because he is poor and cannot afford it. He therefore gets sick frequently. D. Greg is a small person. His football coach assumes he is a weak player and ignores him. Consequently, Greg plays horribly.
D
Which of the following provides evidence of stereotype threat? A. IQ scores do not accurately predict income. B. People work harder on things when they are rewarded for successes than they do when they are punished for failures. C. When intelligence tests are culturally biased (e.g., when they include examples that are only known to particular cultural groups), they tend to reinforce race-based stereotypes about intelligence. D. Women perform worse than men on math tests when they believe that the test is important, but they perform the same as men when they believe that the test is meaningless.
C
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation? A. Salience is necessary but not sufficient for the formation of stereotypes. B. Salience is necessary and sufficient for the formation of stereotypes. C. Salience is sufficient for the formation of stereotypes, but not necessary (i.e., because stereotypes can be formed in the absence of salience as well). D. Salience is neither necessary nor sufficient for the formation of stereotypes.
A
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation? A. Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience. B. Stereotypes cannot form simply on the basis of salience; an emotional or motivational force is also necessary. C. Stereotypes cannot form simply on the basis of salience; a first-hand interaction is also necessary. D. Salience is necessary for the formation of stereotypes.
A
Which of the following statements best exemplifies Plant and Devine's notion of Internal Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice? A. Because of my personal values, I believe that using stereotypes is wrong. B. I try to act non-prejudiced because of pressure from others. C. While there is truth to many stereotypes, they are sometimes misleading. D. Many people who say that they are unprejudiced are actually prejudiced.
B
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding the human tendencies for social categorization and subtyping? A. These tendencies are relatively new in human history (i.e., they did not exist 2000 years ago). B. These tendencies have only recently been seen as bad or wrong (i.e., they were not seen as bad 1000 years ago). C. These tendencies are relatively new in human history AND they have only recently been seen as bad or wrong. D. These tendencies are NOT relatively new, and they have NOT only recently been seen as bad (i.e., they appear to be innate, and they have been seen as deplorable since the earliest written records).
C
You have just accused a friend of yours of being sexist because he said that most women don't know anything about cars. If your friend is like MOST people, then the next thing he is likely to say is along the lines of A. "Most Asian people don't know anything about cars either." B. "You don't know anything about cars either." C. "But women are amazingly knowledgeable about other things." D. "Women are unknowledgeable about a lot of things."