chapter 13 psych

is the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to those of others?

social comparison

imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas. examples?

social contagion; babies crying when other babies cry, laughing when other people laugh,

is based on the notion of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits

social exchange theory

occurs when an individuals performance improves because of the presence of others?

social facilitation; doing better presenting in front of a group then your practice runs

states that our social identities are a crucial part of our self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves

social identity theory

refers to the way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership? may include identifying with?

social identity; a religious group, a country, social organization, political party, and many other groups

refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort?

social loafing

refers to the study of social thoughts, feelings, and behavior that incorporates a range of measures of brain and body functioning?

social neuroscience

is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people?

social psychology

is an individuals fast acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on negative stereotype about his or her group?

stereotype threat

what is the medium of persuasian? what is the questions asked? what has been the key way persuaders get their message out?

technology used to get message across; is the message presented in print, on tv, twitter, or on YouTube? social media

what is the final aspect of persuasion? involves what kind of information?

the message. strong logical arguments

who is the communicator in persuasion? what are some questions we ask ourself? what is the traits that help a communicator change peoples attitudes and convince them to act?

the person doing the persuading; is the person giving the message views as credible? trustworthiness, expertise, power, attractiveness, likability, and similarity

the target of persuasiveness is what? young people are ___ likely to do what with their attitudes than older? individual with ___ attitudes are more easily persuaded than those with strong ones?

who the speaker is trying to persuade; more, change; weak

is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social info?

Social cognition

refers to the social behavior with the objective of harming someone either physically or verbally?

aggression

means giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself?

altruism

are our opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas - how we feel about the world?

atitudes

views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. three dimensions?

attribution theory; internal/external, stable/unstable, controllable/uncontrollable

are explanations of the causes of behavior?

attributions

the tendency for an individual to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present

bystander effect

elaboration likelihood model route that works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with sound, logical argument?

central route

psychological discomfort caused by having two inconsistent thoughts? according to this, we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do?

cognitive dissonance

is a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard?

conformity

a sociocultural influence in aggression that is a mans reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of his economic survival?

culture of honor

occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility? examples?

deindividuation; destroying streets after Super Bowl win

is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group?

discrimination

first, would yo be interested in a full-year subscription? last, how about a three month trial?

door in the face technique

means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work we put into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with the things that are difficult to attain?

effort justification

what are factors that influence altruism?

empathy, personality, mood, socioeconomic status, and media influences

is the tendency to factor one's own ethic group over other groups?

ethocentrism

I did poorly on the test because the questions were so tricky.

external attribution

I got into a fight with my boyfriend because he is a jerk?

external attribution

causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, the weather, and luck

external attributions

means overestimating the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do?

false consensus effect

what three things would make attitudes predict behavior?

feeling strongly about it, when its practiced, and when it has an affect on the person

would you be interested in a three month trial subscription to a magazine? (first) how about a full year (last)

foot in the door technique of persuasion

refers to the tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external factors when they explain an actors behavior?

fundamental attribution error

what are some biological factors that affect conformity?

genes, activation in brains reward centers, oxytocin, associated with social bonding

what are some biological factors of aggression?

genes, neurobiological factors such as testosterone levels, hormones, deficits in parts of the brain associated with empathy

is the solidification and further strengthening of an individuals position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction? example?

group polarization effect; coach abusing players at practice, school saw, group decision, gave a fine and anger management courses, wider public saw, discussed clip, became clear that extreme punishment was needed, coach was fired

refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony?

groupthink

the tendency to conform based on informational social influence depends on what two factors?

how confident we are in our own judgement and how well informed we perceive the group to be

refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right?

informational social influence

when your in a group with IT professionals and you don't know much about computers and they tell you not to be a computer, so you don't, what kind of social influence is this?

informative

Sarah is late because she doesn't have the drive in her to be here

internal attribution

specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities?

internal attributions

examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships

investment model

what is a big influence on aggressiveness?

media portrayal such as pictures or tv of violent actions

using the same slang words, adopting the same clothing style, and assuming the attitude of the group is what kind of social influence?

normative

is the influence others have on us because we want them to like us?

normative social influence

is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual authority?

obedience

elaboration likelihood model route involves factors that are not relevant to the logic or quality of the argument?

peripheral route

refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others? what is a social cue from this?

person perception; face, physical attractiveness

what are psychological influences on aggression?

personality characteristics, frustrating or aversive circumstances, cognitive determinants, and observational learning factors

rosy views of themselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality?

positive illusions

is unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a particular group

prejudice

the tendency to attend to and remember what they learned first

primacy affect

refers to the motivation to reject attempts to control us? occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away his or her choices?

reactance

when we ignore unbiased info in favor of the resemblance between a person and our image of a typical member of a group?

representative heuristic

is the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members, after group discussion, people start toward a riskier choice than their first decision?

risky shift

refers to the tendency to see oneself as an object in others' eyes?

self objectification

expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true?

self-fulfilling prophecy

according to this theory, individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behavior, example?

self-perception theory; if you are asked about voting after standing in line all day, you say "well, I have waited all this time; it must be very important to me"

refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes but to deny responsibility for our failures when we make attributions about our own behavior? example?

self-serving bias; if you do well on a test you blame internal attributions, "I'm smart" if you do bad you blame situational attributions "the test was hard"