Chapter 13 Quiz
All nucleated cells contain _______ __ ____.
Class 1 MHC
___________ ___________ was responsible for discovering immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one.
Edward jenner
True or false...the Fc region of an immunoglobulin forms the antigen binding sites.
False... "Fabs" - antigen binding fragments forms the antigen binding sites
True or false...lymphocyte maturation includes hormonal signals that initiate development, maturation of B cells in the thymus and T cells in the red bone marrow, and release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs.
False...all correct with exception of B cells and T cells...B cells are produced in red bone marrow, T cells in the thymus gland
True or false... The secondary response to an antigen is typically slower but bigger than the primary response.
False...secondary response is typically faster and bigger
True or false... Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer natural active immunity.
False...shoulder be artificial, passive immunity
True or false... The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.
False...these are called fragments or the antigen binding fragments (Fabs)
True or false...bacteria are a common target for Tc cells.
False...virally infected cells, cancer cells, and cells from other animals and humans (graft rejection)
The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ______.
IgA
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ______.
IgE
The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is ______.
IgG
_____ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.
IgG
The two immunoglobulin classes found on the surface of B cells are ______ and _______.
IgM, IgD
The two immunoglobulin classes that can fix complement are ______ and _______.
IgM, IgG
______ ________ and ______ _______ contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.
acellular vaccines, subunit vaccines
________ is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site.
adjuvant
__________ is a process that involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates.
agglutination
Antigens that elicit _________ ________ are called allergens.
allergic reactions
Plasma cells are responsible for secreting _____________.
antibodies
A(n) ___________ is a foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response.
antigen
Chickenpox vaccine triggers extending immunity to chickenpox would be an example of ________ __________ immunity.
artificial active
Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease would be an example of ________ __________ immunity.
artificial passive
_______ _______ _________ involved in immune reactions are the result of genetic expression, function in recognition of self molecules, receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system, and aid in cellular development.
cell surface markers
When an antibody is covering the foreign microorganism then complement may be activated via the _______ pathway.
classical
Destruction of lymphocytes with self-specificity is called _______ _________.
clonal deletion
________ ________ is responsible for providing many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens.
clonal expansion
________ ___ ______ are the most significant cells in graft rejection.
cytotoxic T cells
________ ___ ______secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells.
cytotoxic T cells
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) __________.
epitope
Each _____ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.
fab
Which portion of an IgG molecule is responsible for binding with a specific antigen?
fab
True or false... After secreting antibodies during an immune response, plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.
false
True or false...MHC molecules are found on red blood cells.
false
True or false...The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has four antigen binding sites.
false
True or false...a property of B cells is that they require antigen presented with MHC proteins.
false
True or false...during the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development, mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens.
false
True or false...Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa. Where do they mature?
false.... •Red bone marrow...intestinal region was in birds
Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed __________.
haptens
__________ ___ ________ activate B cells and other T cells.
helper T cells
The ___________ __________ proteins function in recognition of self.
histocompatibility complex
The use of antitoxins, immune serum globulin, the conferring of passive immunity, and the administering of preformed antibodies are all forms of ____________.
immunotherapy
During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine, ________ - ___, that activates T helper cells.
interleukin-1
An activated TH cell produces ________ - ___ which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
interleukin-2
______, _______ _________ contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person and typically require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines; examples include the Sabin polio vaccine and MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella).
live, attenuated vaccines
Which of the five types of WBCs participate with acquired specific immunity (work towards being as specific as you can).
lymphoctyes, B lymphocytes or B cells, T lymphocytes or T cells
_____________ possess MHC antigens for recognizing self, have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens, gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self, and develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity.
lymphocytes
The __________ ________ _________ is a set of genes that code for MCH glycoproteins.
major histocompatibility complex
The beauty of specific immunity is the production of _______ _____ that provide long-lasting protection.
memory cells
__________ ________is a process that involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen.
memory response
Chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity would be an example of ________ __________ immunity.
natural active
Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
natural killer (NK) cells
A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta would be an example of ________ __________ immunity.
natural passive
A person who does not respond or express the symptoms of chickenpox due to having contracted the disease before is said to be protected by what type of immunity? What form of immunity would it have been had it been achieved via a vaccination?
natural, active and artificial, active
__________ is a process that involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity.
neutralization
__________ is a process that involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis.
opsonization
Antitoxins confer _________ immunity.
passive
The progeny cells of a B-cell clone responsible for production of antibodies are called _________ _________.
plasma cells
During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?
primary
High titers of specific antibodies are components of __________ _________ __________.
specific immune globulin (SIG)
____________ are bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens.
superantigens
The proper order of steps for B cell activation is binding, processing/presentation, cooperation/recognition, activation, differentiation, expansion?
true
True or false... Activation of B cells occurs when antigen binds to B-cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.
true
True or false... Antibodies directed to alloantigen from one organism often cross-react with an alloantigen from another organism.
true
True or false... Clonal selection can be stimulated by foreign or self antigens.
true
True or false... The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.
true
True or false...Class I MHC genes code for self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.
true
True or false...Class II MHC genes code for receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.
true
True or false...T cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires a protein antigen, binding of T cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage, binding of T cell to a site on the antigen, and interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell.
true
True or false...antibody molecules circulate in lymph, blood, and tissue fluids.
true
True or false...antigen presenting cells include dendritic cells, include macrophages, engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic, and hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface.
true
True or false...effective antigens are foreign to the immune system, have molecular complexity, are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000 and are cells or large, complex molecules.
true
True or false...killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation.
true
True or false...the immunoglobulin IgM possesses 10 antigen binding sites, contains a central J chain, is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell, and can serve as a B-cell receptor.
true
The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the ___________ __________.
variable region
