Chapter 13: Screening for Cancer
3.What is the single most important risk factor for cancer? A.Age over 50 years B.Ethnicity C.Family history D.Environment and lifestyle
ANS: A RATIONALE: Although the other choices are risk factors for cancer, age over 50 years is the single most important risk factor.
8.What type of cancer is a malignant tumor that compromises epithelial tissue? A.Carcinoma B.Sarcoma C.Lymphoma D.Leukemia
ANS: A RATIONALE: Carcinoma is a malignant tumor that compromises epithelial tissue and accounts for 85% of all cancers.
11.Which type of cancer normally is associated with hypercalcemia? A.Breast cancer B.Brain cancer C.Skin cancer D.Colorectal cancer
ANS: A RATIONALE: Patients with advanced cancer, multiple myeloma, or breast or lung cancer are affected most by hypercalcemia.
6.Tanning bed lamps emit mostly what type of ultraviolet radiation? A.UV-A B.UV-B C.UV-C D.UV-D
ANS: A RATIONALE: The development of skin cancer has been attributed to the exposure to UV-A and UV-B. Tanning lamps emit mostly UV-A radiating with a few percent content of UV-B. Use of tanning lamps and beds can lead to significant exposure to UV-A radiation.
7.Which of the following types of cancer has screening tests that are readily available and widely recommended? A.Lung cancer B.Colorectal cancer C.Brain cancer D.Kidney cancer
ANS: B RATIONALE: Cancer screening is available and widely recommended for the following types of cancer: colorectal, breast, cervix (women), and prostate (men). Early detection at a localized stage is linked with less morbidity and lower mortality.
9.What is the primary metastatic pathway for osteogenic sarcoma? A.Lymphatics B.Blood C.Along nerves D.Through the muscles
ANS: B RATIONALE: Primary bone cancer such as osteogenic sarcoma initially metastasizes via blood to the lungs. Prostate cancer spreads via lymphatics to pelvic and vertebral bones.
2.What type of cancer prevention provided by the physical therapist involves regular screening for early detection of cancer? A.Primary prevention B.Secondary prevention C.Tertiary prevention D.Personal prevention
ANS: B RATIONALE: Risk factor assessment and risk reduction follow the category of primary prevention. Secondary prevention involves regular screening for early detection of cancer and the prevention of progression of known premalignant lesions such as skin and colon lesions.
15.What part of the spine is affected most often by secondary metastatic cancers? A.Cervical B.Thoracic C.Lumbar D.Sacral
ANS: B RATIONALE: The thoracic spine is affected most often, usually as a result of metastatic lung and breast cancer.
4.Which race/ethnicity has the highest mortality and worst survival rate for cancer of any population? A.White B.Native American C.Asian D.African American
ANS: D RATIONALE: African Americans have the highest mortality and worst survival rate of any population. Not only that, but diagnosis occurs at a later stage.
1.What type of cancer most commonly causes death? A.Breast cancer B.Prostate cancer C.Stomach cancer D.Lung cancer
ANS: D RATIONALE: Although prostate and breast cancers are the most common malignancies in men and women, respectively, the cancer that most commonly causes death is lung cancer.
5.The American Institute for Cancer Research estimated that at least 20% of all cancers could be prevented if everyone ate five servings of _________ each day. Fill in the blank. A.Dairy products B.Meats C.Proteins D.Fruits and vegetables
ANS: D RATIONALE: In 1999, the American Institute for Cancer Research estimated that at least 20% of all cancers could be prevented if everyone ate at least five (half cup) servings of fruits and vegetables each day. Numerous resources on nutrition and its influence in preventing and treating cancer are available.
14.What is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the brain? A.Colorectal cancer B.Pancreatic cancer C.Breast cancer D.Lung cancer
ANS: D RATIONALE: Lung cancer is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the brain.
12.Which of the following is the most serious of skin cancers? A.Nonmelanoma skin cancer B.Basal cell cancer C.Squamous cell cancer D.Melanoma
ANS: D RATIONALE: Nonmelanoma skin cancers are classified as either basal cell or squamous cell, depending on the tissue affected. Melanoma is the most serious of all skin cancers.
13.Primary bone tumors metastasize first to what structure? A.Muscles B.Heart C.Kidneys D.Lungs
ANS: D RATIONALE: Primary bone tumors such as osteogenic sarcoma metastasize first to the lungs.
16.Rheumatic disorders caused by cancer have been associated most often with what type of cancer? A.Colorectal and breast cancer B.Pancreatic and lung cancer C.Lung and colorectal cancer D.Breast and lung cancer
ANS: D RATIONALE: Rheumatic disorders caused by cancer have been associated most often with breast and lung cancers.
10.A client comes to the physical therapist with an enlarged lymph node in the axillary area. The therapist palpates the lymph node, and it is abnormally large. What is the best course of action by the therapist? A.Have the client come back in 1 week for reexamination. B.Have the client come back in 1 month for reexamination. C.Have the client come back in 1 year for reexamination. D.Contact the referring physician.
ANS: D RATIONALE: The recommendation today, based on an increased understanding of cancer metastases via the lymphatic system and the potential for cancer recurrence, is that all suspicious lymph nodes should be evaluated by the physician.