Chapter 13: Social Psychology

Ingroup

"us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

Role

A set of expectations *norms) about a soical position, defining how those in the position out to behave.

Social Script

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Conformity

Adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Marsha is on trial for the murder of her husband. Marsha says it was self-defence. A psychiatrist has testified that Marsha suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder due to the spousal abuse she endured. What is likely to happen?

The Jude will give her a lighter sentence

The fundamental attribution errors involves:

Underestimating the situational influences on another person's beahviour

Norms

Understood rules for accepted and expected behaviour. Norms prescribe "proper" behaviour.

Researchers using the Implicit Association Test have found that people who were more quick to associate good things with White names or faceless also were the quickest to perceive anger and apparent threat in Black faces. Their findings demonstrate:

implicit prejudice

People with whom a common identity is shares is a(n):

ingroup

Outgroup

"them"—those percieves as different or apart from our ingorup.

Discrimination

(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that does not signal an unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not enforced. (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group of its member.

In 2012, Facebook showed 61 million people a message that encouraged their voting, with a link to a local voting place and a clickable :I voted" button. This action led to additional ______ votes.

282,000

The textbook's discussion suggests that about ______ in 10 Americans agree that ethnic, cultural, and racial diversity makes the nation a better place. This proportion is_______ than that in European nations.

6; higher

Stereotype

A generalized (sometimes acuurate but often overgeralized) belief about a group of people.

Prejudice

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory actions.

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behaviour intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

This occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts.

Central route persuasion

Attitudes

Feelings, often influences by our beliefs, that presiposed us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Social facilitation

In the prescence of others, imporved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.

Normative social influence

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disaproval.

Informal social influence

Influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Central route persuasion

Occurs when interested people's thinking is influences by considering evidence and arguments.

Peripheral route persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Cognitive dissonance theory emphasises that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that:

Our attitudes and actions conflict

Rhonda learned that her neighbour Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude that:

Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.

The Stanford prison experiment consisted of male college students who volunteered to participate in a prison simulation. Half of the students became guards, and the other half prisoners. After only 6 days, the lead psychologist, _______, had to call off the study because of the guards' degrading behaviors and the way the prisoners became passively resigned, brown down, and rebelled.

Philip Zimbardo

Other-race effect

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency, when analyzing others' behaviour to underestimate the impact of the situatuon and to overestimate the imapct of personal disposition.

Group polarization

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behaviour is called:

The fundamental attribution error

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Frustration-aggression principle

The principle that frstration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Social psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Social loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Just-world-phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Ingroup bias

The tendency to favour our own group.

Scapegoat theory

The theory that prejudice offers and outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Cognitive dissonance theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitive) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clas, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Attribution theory

The theory that we explain someone's behaviour by crediting either the situation of the person's disposition.

James usually does very well on tests, but he was up all night before his psychology midterm cleaning his flooded basement and, therefore, failed his exam. He tried to explain his situation to his teacher, but she thought Jame's performance was caused by a tendency to avoid studying, and she did not want to hear his excuse. The teacher incorrectly made a(n) _______ attribution about Jame's test performance.

dispositional

Aggression is related to increased activity in the _______ and decreased activity in the _______.

amygdala; frontal lobe

A former professional football player is convicted of a violent crime against another person. An expert testifies in his defence that the player's crime stemmed from a degenerative brain disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is brought on by the repeated head injury experienced by many football players. With respect to the _____ model, CTE reflects a physiological influence on aggression.

biopsychsocial

Darley and Latané simulated a physical emergency in their laboratory. University students participated in a discussion over an intercom. Each student was in a separate cubicle, and only the person whose microphone was switched on could be heard. One of the students was an accomplice of the experimenters. When his turn came, he made sounds as though he were having an epileptic seizure and called for help. Those subjects who believed only they alone could hear the victim were:

more likely to help

_______ route persuasion used evidence and argument to motivate careful thinking.

central

The _______ occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts, whereas the _______ occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

central route to persuasion; peripheral route to persuasion

In the 1970s, the early leaders of the LGBTQ liberation movement wished that every LGBTQ person would "turn blue." The idea was that if every LGBTQ person were "out" and visible, every straight person would realize that they knew an LGBTQ person, and prejudice and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity would decrease. The experience of the subsequent decades has proved this notion:

correct. Most Americans now say they know an LGBTQ person, and prejudice and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity has decreased.

With respect to group phenomena, lowered self-restraint is to decreased effort as _______ is to ________.

deindividuation; social loafing

19 year old Tom has spent 5 hours a day playing violent video games since he was 8 years old. According to research on the effects of violent video game usage, one can predict that Tom will most likely:

display desensitization to violent images, as shown by blunted brain responses on a functional MRI.

Many African people live in some cities in China, where they work in factories. In one such city, a fast food restaurant banned African people from the dining room. This is an example of:

discrimination

Tyler is with three of his friends at a restaurant. One of his friends yawns, then another friend does so, and the finally Tyler yawns. Research suggests that Tyler and his friends who also mimicked the yawn may show increased levels of:

empathy

Pit bulls have a reputation for aggressive behaviour, are frequently involved in dogfighting, and have acted aggressively toward people. This BEST demonstrates ______ influence on aggression.

genetic

Javier has the potential to be an honour student but frustrates his teachers because of his actions.Rather than work to succeed, he tends to dumb down to act more like the students with whom he hangs out. He has at times answered questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like his friends. Javier's behaviour is an example of:

normative social influence

Milgram is to ________ as Asch is to _______.

obedience; conformity

Those percieved as different of apart from one's group are their:

outgroup

Social psychologists believe that ________ tends to be particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship and that _______ love increases in later stages.

passionate love; companionate

The text suggests that the cultural importance of love as the basis for marriage is _____ associated with the likelihood of divorce.

positively

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____ theory.

scapegoat

___________ is revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

self-disclosure

A comedian has a series of jokes that work very well when there is a full house. However, tonight his gig is in an uncrowded room. His jokes are not going over well. The audience is talking back to him. Some begin to boo, and he eventually is booed off stage. Which phenomenon can BEST account for his unsuccessful night?

social facilitation

An individual working in a group puts forth less effort when they are not personally accountable. This is known as ______.

social loafing

Thomas enjoys watching violent pornography. Then he goes out with a woman, he expects her to be submissive to his sexual demans; when he is turned down, he becomes violent. Research done by social psychologists suggests that his beliefs are caused by _____, which are mental files for how to act.

social scripts

The _______ occurs when each person pursues their own self-interest but becomes caught in mutually destructive behaviour.

social trap

Rhys submits a significant report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious rather than that he has more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error

Yung drives to campus one day when another car cuts him off and speeds ahead. Immediately, he yells out, "Crazy driver!" not realising the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Yung's judgment BEST illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error

Mark was pretty aggressive when he was in his early twenties. At the drop of a hat he became angry and was quick to act violently. Now Mark is 60 years old and is much calmer than he was back then. Mark's levels of the hormone _____ have _____.

testosterone; decreased

If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This BEST illustrates:

the chameleon effect

When are people MOST likely to obey?

when the person giving orders is seen as an authority figure