Chapter 13 Study Guide AP Human Geography (Urban Patterns)

how are green-belts used to stop the problems of sprawl?

Green-belts are rings of open space, and officials are attacking sprawl by designating mandatory green-belts. This causes all of the new housing to be built in older suburbs inside of the green-belts or in planned extensions to small towns and new towns and new towns beyond the green-belts. This means that green-belts are helping officials make new developments more organized and there are more discrepancies between some peripheries looking like "swiss cheese"

parts of the multiple nuclei model

(colors correspond to the photo used in the study guide, not the one in this quizlet) 1. red is the CBD 2. blue is the wholesale, light manufacturing area 3. dark green is the low-class residential area 4. orange is the medium-class residential area 5. purple is the high-class residential area 6. yellow is the heavy manufacturing area 7. beige is the outlying business district 8. the light green one is the residential suburb area 9. gray is the industrial suburb

Notes on Favelas from the video we watched in class (you don't have to know this, it's just additional information)

- 25% of Rio's population lives in the favelas - there is no government presence - completely self-sufficient - a lot of them are run by gangs and drug dealers so it is hard for them to create good - it was really hard for the government to control these areas and they have massive problems with police brutality, so police involvement is scarce - drugs, which caused gangs such as the red command to expand - Slavery - Brazil immigrated more slaves than the U.S. South and even though they were freed soon they were still denied rights and built these homes out of the hills. - Massive rural to urban migration looking for job opportunities - while the "pacification" may have been effective it is clearly problematic - in a jungle, all of the houses are stacked on top of each other - there was a serious lack of planning with the construction -On the other hand of being controlled by the drug gangs, it's also sprouted a whole center of creativity - no one legally owns the land in these squatter settlements and in the favelas - no one technically owns their home and any day the government can come and demolish your home - brazil used the world cup and the Olympics as an excuse to rid these areas of the gangs so that they would look safer - they killed a bunch of gang members

underclass

- A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics. - the long-term poor who lack training and skills - a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations

sector model

- A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). - developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt - according to Hoyt, a city develops in a city of sectors, not rings - certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities, which was originally because of environmental factors or even by chance - as a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center - The most expensive new housing is built on the outer edge of the district, farther out from the center, once a district with high-class housing is established - the best housing is therefore found in a corridor extending from downtown to the outer edge of the city - industrial and retailing activities develop in other sectors, usually along good transportation lines

gentrification

- A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. - The process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing

Squatter Settlement

- An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. - settlement where a large percentage of poor immigrants to urban areas in LDCs live because of a housing shortage - any collection of buildings where the people have no legal rights to the land they are built upon. The people are living there illegally and do not own the land. They provide housing for many of the world's poorest people and offer basic shelter

city

- An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit - An urban settlement that is independent and self-governing - A permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

how do European suburbs differ from American suburbs?

- As Europe was developing and industrializing in the 1800s, the wealth stayed in the city while the factories and the poor people who worked in them stayed in the suburbs - When America was industrializing in the 1800s the wealth was spread out and the poor folks lived downtown and the wealthy people went to the suburbs. - European suburbs= more poor people, American suburbs= more rich people - Wealthy people in Europe do not solely live in the suburbs, they mainly in portions of the upper-class sector - Most of the newer built housing in the suburbs in European cities are high-rise apartment buildings for low-income people and people of color who have immigrated from Africa or Asia - shops, schools, and other services are worse in the suburbs than in inner neighborhoods - the suburbs are centers for crime, violence, and drug dealing - suburbs in Europe do not offer the large private yards - many residents of the suburbs in Europe are POC or recent immigrants who face discrimination and prejudice from "native" Europeans

census tracts

- Census tracts are parts of urban areas that each contain approximately 5,000 residents and correspond, where possible, to neighborhood boundaries. They provide stats about the characteristics of the residents for the census - An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

Particularly in the Chicago metropolitan area, some suburban populations are declining and losing tax revenue. Why is this happening?

- Inner suburbs are becoming home to lower-income people displaced from gentrifying urban neighborhoods, and this leads to white people leaving the areas, which causes the suburban populations to decline and lose tax revenue. This is also due to the inner suburbs being unable to generate revenue to provide for the needs of a poorer population. In Chicago, the white population is increasing in inner-city neighborhoods and declining in outer-city neighborhoods (suburbs). -Niles and other suburbs in the city are now struggling because people with money are now moving back to the city - lower middle class and lower class are moving to the suburbs because it's more affordable - wealthy people are moving back to the city because younger folks are attracted to the cities because young people live there - young people want to leave the suburbs because they have different priorities - these are just trends, not absolutes

benefits of peripheral regions

- Lack the severe physical, social, and economic problems of inner-city neighborhoods - supply basic resources and labor power to more advanced states.

public housing: who builds and maintains it?

Local governments or nonprofit organizations like charitable groups

What are the causes of squatter settlement?

- Rapidly growing number of poor people (population increase and migration from rural areas for jobs) -housing shortage in cities of developing countries because cities are unable to house rapidly growing amount of poor people - Neither the city nor the residents can afford to pay for services in these areas and they often lack things like schools, paved roads, telephones, and sewers

What are some of the problems with these urban models (concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model)?

- Explain how they live in cities, not why - outdated - None of the three models individually completely explains why different types of people live in different parts of the city, and they don't consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations. These models are based on conditions that existed in U.S. cities between the two world wars and critics also question their relevance to current urban patterns in the U.S. or other countries.

Disamenity zones in Brazil (favelas)

- Favela, also spelled favella, in Brazil, a slum or shantytown located within or on the outskirts of the country's large cities, especially Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (1). - A favela typically comes into being when squatters occupy vacant land at the edge of a city and construct shanties of salvaged or stolen materials (1). - There are over 1000 favelas in Rio (2). - They range from newer or more challenged communities with slum-like conditions and a desire to resettle, to functional, vibrant neighborhoods determined to maintain their qualities and continue developing in their own extraordinary ways (2). - In the city of Rio, close to 1.5 million people - around 23-24% of the population - live in favelas. That's comparable to the percentage living in affordable housing (public, rent-controlled, cooperatives, community land trusts and other models) in major cities worldwide. Rio's favelas are our affordable housing market. Rio has more favela residents than any other Brazilian city and, all together, Rio's favelas would comprise the ninth-largest city in the country (2). - The security situation in many favelas is unpredictable, particularly in Rio de Janeiro. Any visit to a favela can be dangerous. You're advised to avoid these areas in all cities, including 'favela tours' marketed to tourists and any accommodation, restaurants or bars advertised as being within a favela (3). - With a lack of any structure or legal system which leads to higher crime rates, favelas are often sites of crime and drug-related violence. Rates of disease and infant mortality are high in favelas, and poor nutrition is common. The lack of sanitation and proper healthcare leads to diseases and more deaths in children (4). (sources because i did not write any of that: 1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/favela 2. https://catcomm.org/favela-facts/ 3. https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/brazil/safety-and-security 4. https://borgenproject.org/10-facts-about-living-conditions-in-brazil/)

public housing: reasons high-rise public housing is unsatisfactory

- Frequently broken elevators - high drug and crime rates - juveniles terrorize other people in the hallways

Latin American City Model

- Geographers Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford created the Latin American City Model - this model shows how wealthy people push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector - the elite sector forms on either side of a narrow spine that contains offices, shops, and amenities attractive to wealthy people, such as restaurants, theaters, parks, and zoos - the wealthy are also attracted to the spine and center because services such as water and electricity are more readily available and reliable than elsewhere - wealthy and middle-class residents avoid living near sectors of "disamenity." - disamenity- land uses that may be noisy or polluting or that cater to low-income residents - Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.

green belts and suburbs.

- Green belts are areas that are used recreationally such as parks or for agriculture. The green belts take up the space that would otherwise be used to contribute to sprawl. - Everyone is spread out in the suburbs - They're rings of open space around cities to keep new builds in established suburbs rather than making new suburbs and making sprawl (progressive spread of development) - way to make room for green space and avoid sprawl - forces humans into a more densely populated area - in Europe, everyone lives around a train stop, and around the train stop there is a green belt in order to preserve green space and preserve sprawl - this is done because it's easier to provide public transit and public services - it allows places to spend their taxes more efficiently and it saves money because everyone can walk everywhere

local government fragmentation

- Individual local governments struggle to address issues of larger scope. - In the U.S. and Canada, larger metropolitan areas have 1000s of local governments, which makes it difficult to solve regional problems of traffic, sewage, and building affordable houses - Most larger metropolitan areas have a council of government (Reps of various local governments), consolidations of city and county governments (Combined local governments) and Federations (Municipalities work together)

What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs?

- Modern factories require lots of land so that they can contain their operations in a one-story building, and land in CBDs is far more expensive and there is also a lack of large land areas because of all of the services and businesses located there. Land in suburban areas is cheaper and there is more of it that can fulfill the needs of the factories, so the manufacturing districts are being moved out of the CBDs. - factories and retail establishments on CBDs next to waterfronts used to rely on the resources exported to those piers/areas and the warehouses that stored the goods. now, large oceangoing vessels are unable to get into the old harbors because of the tight, shallow waters

the challenges of an eroding tax base

- Spending money to increase the tax base in richer areas like downtown can take scarce funds away from projects in inner-city neighborhoods, such as subsidized housing and playgrounds -suburbs have an eroding tax base - some suburbs (ex. Niles) are really struggling because young people with money don't want to live in those suburbs anymore

the elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities

- The elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities contains offices, shops, and amenities attractive to wealthy people, such as restaurants, theaters, parks, and zoos. They provide for rich people. - Basically on both sides of the strip of land there are a lot of businesses, offices, and amenities - The CBD but it's in a strip

sprawl

- The progressive spread of development over the landscape - Additional development, purchase of land for housing, patches of buildings and trees in the suburbs, there is a lot of space between buildings in the suburbs (which can seem like a waste of space to people from cities), etc. Emphasis on driving. Aided on our dependency on cars. There's no walkability in suburbs. Car and oil companies profit on sprawl.

redlining

- When banks draw lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money - because of redlining, families who try to fix up houses in the area have difficulty borrowing money

What are the advantages of living in the inner-ring near the city center?

- You're near downtown/ the CBD - you have easy access to special services - there are more services available - there are many jobs, so you might be living near where you work. - there are more human services as well as jobs and business is available. - things are more modern, and more funding is placed there.

how is the Lincoln Yards project in Chicago a brownfield?

- a brownfield is a former industrial site - lincoln yards is at the end of the bike trail and it is a former steel plant. - they are turning the industrial site into something more attractive

What are the basic characteristics of a city?

- a city is a legal entity - an urban area is a continuously built-up area - a metropolitan area is a functional area - Self-governing - Independent unit - Fixed boundaries - Has locally elected officials - The ability to raise taxes - Responsibility for providing essential services

brownfield

- a former industrial site - a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant. - A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.

disamenity zone

- also known as zones of abandonment - The very poorest parts of cities that-- in extreme cases --are not connected to regular city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. - A zone with few to no services and undesirable surroundings.

what are the elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model?

- an urban area consists of an inner-city surrounded by suburban residential and business areas tied together by highways encircling the area (these are called beltways or ring roads) - there are nodes of consumer and business services called edge cities around the beltway - edge cities originated as places in the suburbs for people who worked in the central city to live, and now they contain manufacturing centers spread out over a single story for more efficient operations - specialized nodes emerge in the edge cities (ex. A collection of hotels and warehouses around an airport, a large theme park, a distribution center near the junction of the beltway, and a major long-distance interstate highway) -ring road- what connects suburbs together. In Chicago, this is 294.

examples of some thriving CBDs that have been revived and why they're doing well.

- chicago has navy pier, a former cargo dock, which was converted to shops and attractions - baltimore has harbor place, which is built on the inner harbor, adjacent to waterfront museums, tourist attractions, hotels, and cultural facilities - san francisco has the ferry building which is a gourmet food center where san francisco bay ferries dock

edge city

- cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment - distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections - A large node of business and consumer services in the suburbs

characteristics of a typical CBD.

- compact, normally less than 1% of the urban land area - contains a large percentage of the public, businesses, and consumer services (services are attracted to the CBD because of its accessibility) - it is the easiest part of the city to reach from the rest of the region and it is the focal point of the region's transportation network - normally one of the oldest districts in a city, usually at or near the original site of the settlement - often situated along a body of water, a principal transportation route prior to the twentieth century

multiple nuclei model

- geographers C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman developed this model in 1945 - according to this model, a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve - the multiple nuclei theory states that some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them - for example, a university node may attract well-educated residents, pizzerias, and bookstores, whereas an airport may attract hotels and warehouses - on the other hand, incompatible land-use activities avoid clustering in the same location - heavy industry and high-class housing, for example, are rarely in the same neighborhood

What site and situations factors for Chicago have made suburbs less attractive for some business services? For example, McDonald's and Motorola recently relocated their entire corporate headquarters from the suburbs to the downtown area.

- in 1970 motorola and mcdonald's had their headquarters in the suburbs. now they are back in the cities because all of the young, educated folks are moving to the city. - businesses follow the young, wealthy, educated people. - "After decades of matching up with the country's largest corporations and providing the prime highway-adjacent real estate they needed for massive office parks, suburbs are being abandoned for office space in urban centers and the pursuit of something younger and more exciting: millennial workers. "It's all about one thing: talent," says Tom Murphy, a senior resident fellow at the Urban Land Institute. "For the first time in history we're seeing jobs move to where people are, rather than vice versa. For companies, it's all about being where talent wants to be." - https://archive.curbed.com/2017/8/1/16072568/companies-downtown-corporations-suburbs-jobs

high range

- it's more long than high - A place with a high range is a place that people are willing to travel farther to get to. These services might offer special items that people are willing to travel for, and one example would be the rainforest cafe because they are harder to find and many people only eat there for special occasions. People do not want to travel far for convenience stores because they are common and they do not offer any special services; however, one might be more inclined to travel 30+ minutes to go to rainforest cafe because even though the animals are absolutely terrifying, they are kinda cool and it is an interesting and unique dining experience that cannot be found at other restaurants. Other examples are jewelry and clothing stores because they attract customers from all over, but they visit these stores infrequently because they do not need to go there often.

factors pushing people out of the CBD

- it's very expensive to live in CBDs - crime rates might be higher - it's hard to find places to live in these areas because so many people live there - housing options are often smaller because of the lack of land

What are some social criticisms of U.S. suburbs?

- low-income people and minorities are unable to live in suburbs because of the high cost of housing and the discrimination and unfriendliness of established residents - suburban communities fear that the property values will decline if the high-status composition of the neighborhood is altered, so they discourage the entry of those with lower incomes and minorities - legal devices, such as requiring each house to be on a large lot and the prohibition of apartments, prevent low-income families from living in many suburbs

public housing: numbers of availability and demand in the U.S.

- many public-housing projects have been demolished in the U.S. and European cities - the supply of public housing and other government-subsidized housing in the U.S. diminished by around 1 million units between 1980 and 2000 - between 1980 and 2000 the number of households that needed low-rent places to live increased by more than 2 million

What three groups are attracted to gentrified areas and why?

- middle-class families (large houses, less expensive, the houses might have attractive architectural details) - people who work downtown (getting to work is easier because there are no crowded freeways and they don't have to use public transportation) - singles and couples without children (these people aren't concerned about the quality of schools and there are many cultural and recreational facilities such as bars, theaters, restaurants, stadiums, etc)

new urbanism

- new urbanism is the idea of the regrowth of the city. -Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs - A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. - New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century. - New Urbanism is a planning and development approach based on the principles of how cities and towns had been built for the last several centuries: walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces. - In other words: New Urbanism focuses on human-scaled urban design.

How is New Urbanism connected to the change in intraregional migration in the Chicago metropolitan area?

- new urbanism is the idea of the regrowth of the city. - in 1970 our parents would have been scared that we were going to jones because there was prostitution, heroin, etc (same situation in lincoln park). - new urbanism says "let's rebuild the city and make it attractive to live in," with an emphasis on environmental concerns (walkability etc) - New Urbanism is connected to the change in intraregional migration in the Chicago metropolitan area because more people are moving to areas that they can walk to other places to (ex. wicker park and Andersonville)

Suburbanization of business services and factories

- no traffic to/from work - low status workers need cars to get there, and not all of them can afford them. Plus, public transportation might not go to their place of employment because the suburbs don't have as much public transportation, which would make their commute very difficult - more land space for cheaper costs, so there are a lot of factories and warehouses. -Offices that don't require face to face jobs are moving to the suburbs due to lower rents - Factories have migrated to suburbia due to more space, cheaper land, and better - truck access

factors that are pushing people elsewhere from the CBD

- other areas might be less expensive to live in because people don't have to pay the inflated prices of items - there might be less crime in other areas and they might be safer - it might be easier to find housing in other areas

peripheral area / region

- poor regions that are dependent in significant ways on the core and do not have as much control over their own affairs - supply basic resources and labor power to more advanced states. - The least powerful regions and therefore are often marginalized or under the control of both semi-peripheral regions and core regions. - A peripheral region is a form of socio-economic region which is defined by its poor socio-economic characteristics. These regions are contrasting of the core regions. Peripheral regions have many unfavourable economic, physical, and geographical characteristics which define it.

what are the two choices a city has in order to close the gap between the cost of services that inner-city residents usually need/ desire and the funding available from taxes?

- reduce services (closing libraries, eliminating bus routes, collecting trash less frequently, delaying replacement of outdated school equipment, etc) - raise tax revenues - a city might cut bus routes to free up more money to support education - as tax rev drops as wealthy people leave the city, they have to cut services - either cutting services or raising taxes (both are terrible solutions and they don't solve the problem of people leaving the city)

Problems peripheral areas have

- sprawl and segregation characterize many suburbs. - are dependent in significant ways on the core - do not have as much control over their own affairs - the least powerful regions - often marginalized or under the control of both semi-peripheral regions and core regions.c

concentric zone model

- the first model that explained the distribution of different social groups within urban areas - it was created in 1923 by sociologist E. W. Burgess - according to this model, a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, similar to the growth rings of a tree - the precise size and width of the rings vary from one city to another, but the same basic types of rings appear in all cities in the same order

what are two ways in which the U.S. Government has encouraged the use of motor vehicles by its citizens?

- the government paid most of the cost of interstate highways that stretch across the country - there are policies that keep the price of fuel below the level found in Europe

public housing: how are recent public housing projects different?

- there is more renovation of older public housing instead - some organizations offer rent assistance to low-income families in private housing - we don't have the "projects" and now we have affordable housing. this means landlords will accept tenants with a voucher (section 8) that will cover a portion of the rent (gov gives these). we also address housing through affordable housing mandates. this means that whenever a developer builds something new in Chicago they have to dedicate a portion of their housing to section 8. - we still see public housing in the city

What are some of the challenges posed by local government fragmentation?

- too many local governments have made it difficult to solve regional problems such as traffic, waste disposal, and the building of affordable housing. - most metropolitan areas having a council of government which is an agency that has representatives from various local governments in the regions. The council can decide to make planning the overall local government cannot logically do. - Because the areas are divided into their own local governments, they have their own policies and rules of how they do things. Many local governments would have to come together to agree on an action plan, and that can be very difficult, especially if areas need and want different things. - City, county, state, federal. When it is fragmented like that, the problem of "whose responsibility is it?" comes up. Ex Who has to deal with shootings and traffic? - Because there are so many local governments, things like speed limits become confusing, and more than one fire department can respond to one call.

The exact opposite is happening in parts of the Southside of Chicago. The population is declining in neighborhoods in the Southside of Chicago, while the South Suburbs are growing. Why is this happening?

- wealthy and middle-class folks are leaving the city - because we don't have enough tax revenue to support people in poverty so the south suburbs are more attractive - far south suburbs are getting a huge influx of black americans - schools are not as good as they are in wealthy neighborhoods in chicago - once people get money, they used to go to the suburbs, but now poorer people are going there - some suburbs are not replenishing all of the wealth that's leaving bc they depended on wealthy folks for tax revenue so they're struggling and trying to attract more minority group middle-class families. - suburbs want to have more public services for them because these people lack them in cities and they want to make their suburbs look more attractive to attract these people. - black and latino families are preferring to live in suburbs - these are just trends btw not facts - "The region has been losing black residents, although it is gaining higher income black residents. As white residents move back to the urban core, the region's black residents—who are primarily concentrated on Chicago's West and South sides, as well as south suburban Cook County—are moving out of the city. In some communities in the city, black population loss is occurring simultaneously with white population gains." - https://www.cmap.illinois.gov/updates/all/-/asset_publisher/UIMfSLnFfMB6/content/population-growth-and-decline-is-occurring-unevenly-across-the-region

inclusionary zoning

- zoning regulations that create incentives or requirements for affordable housing development - Specifies inclusions within a development, such as a playground or that a percentage of homes must be affordable for low-income families. - Inclusionary zoning, also known as inclusionary housing, refers to municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes.

In the past, why did peripheral areas desire annexation?

-The city offered better services (water, sewer, trash, transportation, police, fire...). ... Residents prefer to organize their own services rather than pay city taxes for them. - as cities in the U.S. grew rapidly due to the city offering better services such as water supply, sewage disposal, trash pickup, paved streets, public transportation, and police and fire protection, the legal boundaries frequently changed to accommodate newly developed areas, thus why citizens desired annexation

Suburbanization of Consumer Services

-moved there because customers live there -most services were in the CBD but now are in suburban areas - many nonresidential activities have moved to the suburbs due to the consumers of consumer services being located there and the land is cheaper and there is more of it, so business services and manufacturers are relocating there -not as many people who live in the suburbs and far away from the CBD make the long trips to the CBD, so the downtown sales of neighborhood shops has decreased - retailing is now mainly found in planned suburban shopping malls that include anchors that make them popular (ex. large department stores and specialty shops that traditionally can only be found in the CBD) - people will go to these malls to shop at the anchor stores and then go to the other stores as well (ex. someone needed to go to target; they go to target and then they see the Starbucks in the front of the store. Now they want Starbucks, and both Target and Starbucks have a customer.) - in places that lack other things to do, malls have become centers for activities - retired people power walk around them or just chill at a bench and watch everyone, teenagers hang out, and exhibitions are frequently set up - People do not have to make such a long travel - There are no newer businesses or "corner stores" in suburban areas to go to - larger malls are being allocated funds to expand and provide more services which bring them more appeal - Car dealerships, big malls, and ikeas are located in the suburbs because those are very expensive to have in the city. However, in Chicago, these businesses are returning to the city.

first ring of the concentric zone model

1. CBD (red), the ring in the center, where nonresidential activities are concentrated

Goals of the New Urbanism movement

1. Reduce the amount or area of suburban or urban sprawl 2. Enable healthier lifestyles: outdoor activities, improve access to food or eliminate food deserts 3. Increase walkability or pedestrian-friendly areas 4. Produce architecture and design to reflect local history or culture 5. Increase bikeable areas 6. Construct denser or more compact built space; support denser population 7. Increase transit-oriented development, more energy-efficient transport, or more public transportation 8. Develop more open public space 9. Expand the variety of housing types in the same area 10. Increase amount of outdoor dining, performance, market, or festival space 11. Increase diversity: ages, income levels, cultures, ethnicities 12. Decrease commuting time or live close to work 13. Construct green buildings or energy-efficient structures 14. Promote sustainability: minimal environmental impact, eco-friendly technology, less use of fuels

four specific social problems of the underclass

1. Unemployment 2. drugs and alcohol 3. illiteracy 4. juvenile delinquency and crime

parts of the sector model

1. red center is the CBD 2. blue is the transportation and industry areas 3. green is low class residential areas 4. yellow is the middle-class residential areas 5. purple is the high-class residential areas

second ring of the concentric zone model

2. A zone in transition (purple), which contains industry and poorer-quality housing. Immigrants to the city first live in this zone in small units, often created by subdividing larger houses into apartments. The zone also contains apartments that are inhabited by multiple tenants.

third ring of the concentric zone model

3. Zone of working-class homes (blue), which contains modest older houses occupied by stable, working-class families

fourth ring of the concentric zone model

4. A zone of better residencies (green), which contains newer and more spacious houses for middle-class families

fifth ring of the concentric zone model

5. A commuters zone (yellow), beyond the area of the city. Some people who work in the CBD choose to live in small villages that have become small towns for commuters

alpha cities

A city which plays a major role in the international community. Have tremendous economic, political, and social clout, and they are viewed as primary hubs for global industry, in addition to centers of culture.

food desert

A food desert is an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food, in contrast with an area with higher access to supermarkets or vegetable shops with fresh foods, which is called a food oasis.

high threshold

A service that requires a large number of customers to support it. One example of a typical downtown shop that has a high threshold is Macy's because department stores have high thresholds.

examples of beta cities

Athens, Atlanta, Auckland, Bangalore, Boston, Bucharest, Cairo, Chengdu, Copenhagen, Dallas, Doha, Hamburg, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Lima, Perth, Tel Aviv, Vancouver, Abu Dhabi, Beirut, Berlin, Brisbane, Calgary, Cape Town, Denver, Lagos, Minneapolis, Nairobi, Oslo, Philadelphia, Rio de Janeiro, Wuhan, Panama City, San José, San Juan, San Salvador, Seattle

examples of gamma cities

Baltimore, Berlin, Madric, Rome, Detriot, Glasglow, Cleveland

examples of alpha + cities

Beijing, Dubai, Hong Kong, Paris, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo

examples of alpha cities

Brussels, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Frankfurt, Guangzhou, Istanbul, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Los Angeles, Madrid, Melbourne, Mexico City, Miami, Milan, Moscow, Mumbai, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Taipei, Toronto, Warsaw, Zurich, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Bogota, Budapest, Dublin, Houston, Johannesburg, Lisbon, Luxembourg City, Manila, Montreal, Munich, New Delhi, Prague, Riyadh, Rome, San Francisco, Santiago, Shenzhen, Stockholm, Vienna, Washington D.C.

The alpha city with the first skyscraper?

Chicago

beta cities

Cities that link moderate economic regions into the world economy

Gamma Cities

Cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy

CBD

Downtown (central business district)

Cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America resemble European cities in their structure. This is not a coincidence because....

Europeans established colonies in those places and they had a lasting impact on them.

how has the intense land use of CBDs created an expansion of the CBD "above" and "below" in order to maximize the small space of the downtown?

In order to maximize the small space of downtown areas, cities have built spaces underground that include things like garages, loading docks for deliveries to offices and shops, pipes for sewage and water, and cables. These underground spaces allow CBDs to fit more things in their small areas of land.

how is a megalopolis different from a primate city?

Megalopolises are different from primate cities because primate cities are the largest city in a country that has more than twice as many people as the second-largest settlement. Megalopolis is just a term that describes multiple big cities that are clustered together in the same regions, whereas primate cities show how some countries only have one major city. Therefore, primate cities are unlikely to be around any other large cities because there likely aren't any others, and megalopolises are basically a collection of cities.

How is smart growth similar to green-belts?

Smart growth is similar to green-belts because it is things like legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland, and green-belts help do exactly that.

Distribution of Talent

Some cities are more talented than others - measured as a combination of the percentage of people in the city with college degrees, the percentage employed as scientists or engineers, and the percentage employed as professionals or technicians.

How can squatter settlements be beneficial?

Squatter settlements can be good because they are the only way that many people can get out of poverty (entrepreneurship is much higher in these areas because people don't have to pay for taxes or official licenses. They can start a business and don't have to deal with the additional bs. People can also sell things stolen phones and bootleg dvds.), there is no unemployment, everyone works, more people are moving to squatter settlements, there is more access to medical care than in rural areas, and women are unburdened by the rules and traditions of rural areas and they have the same access as men to entrepreneurship.

In what two ways are suburban areas segregated?

Suburban areas are segregated by social classes and land uses

Culture of Poverty

The general perceived culture of the poor population, associated with gangs, drugs, deadbeat dads, and minorities.

Why has gentrification been criticized?

The middle class is given subsidies to renovate the houses because it can be nearly as expensive as moving to the suburbs at the expense of people with lower incomes, who are forced to move out of the gentrified neighborhoods because the rents in the area suddenly become too high for them

Describe services and amenities in a typical squatter settlement.

The people do not have the money to afford services and the people who inhabit these areas (the squatters) essentially just camp out there. In severe weather, they may take shelter in markets and warehouses, but normally families create their own makeshift homes from scavenged materials (ex. Cardboard, wood boxes, etc)

What's happening to the population in CBDs and areas adjacent to them today? Why?

The population of CBDs is decreasing, and now 3x as many people move to suburban areas per year than urban areas. Suburbanization is happening much more because people are moving out of cities and into suburbs. When countries enter stage 2 of the DTM, people often move to urban areas due to industrialization and an increase in jobs in urban areas, and once they enter stages 3 and 4, more people move to suburban areas because it is cheaper to live there than CBDs and there is more space (in CBDs people typically live in small apartments, but in the suburbs, people can get large plots of land for less money)

annexation

The process of legally adding land area to a city

What is meant by the statement: the "periphery of U.S. cities looks like Swiss cheese"?

There are pockets of development and gaps of open space in the U.S. because it is cheaper for developers to build settlements on land that is further away from other settlements because it is cheaper.

examples of shops that provide services to downtown workers.

These retailers sell office supplies, computers, and clothing or offer shoe repairs, rapid photocopying, dry cleaning, and so on. Some examples of these shops that provide services to downtown workers are office depots, kinkos, dry cleaners, and the Apple store.

Why are shops with high thresholds and ranges decreasing in the CBD?

These shops are decreasing in the CBD because there are high rents and land shortages in CBDs, so if they do not have the number of customers that they need to survive then they will have to shut down, and because many services wish to locate in CBDs, it is very competitive. This is also partially because the main consumers of the services in CBDs are downtown employees who shop during their lunch hour, and now the patterns of demand for products have changed. Large department stores are unable to attract their old customers, and smaller shops that cater to the special needs of the downtown labor force are expanding.

How is the underground utilized in cities?

Things like garages, loading docks for deliveries to offices and shops, pipes for sewage and water, and cables are located under cities to maximize space.

Alpha city not allowed to have skyscrapers?

Washington D.C.

what can we deduce by combining all three models (concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model) rather than considering them independently?

When these models are combined, they help geographers explain where different types of people live in a city. People tend to reside in certain locations based on their particular personal characteristics (ex. Occupations, similar languages or cultures, etc.)

megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

what are the results of redlining?

because of redlining, families who try to fix up houses in some areas of cities have difficulty borrowing money

Global Cities

centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce

zoning

dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

example of a disamenity zone

favelas in Rio

examples of alpha ++ cities

london and new york

why are shops that provide services to downtown workers increasing?

these shops are increasing because the main consumers of the services in CBDs are downtown employees who shop during their lunch hour, and now the patterns of demand for products have changed. Large department stores are unable to attract their old customers, and smaller shops that cater to the special needs of the downtown labor force are expanding.