Chapter 13

As late as 1850, there were no statewide public school systems in the South because a. state legislatures failed to provide many essential services, and planters saw no need to educate their workers b. the South had no money for schools c. Southerners sent their sons and daughters to the North for schooling d. Southerners were too involved in making money for themselves

a

As the price of slaves continued to rise, masters began to treat their slaves marginally better because a. it was in the master's best interest to treat his slaves well enough that they could have children b. masters realized that healthy slaves were a matter of honor c. legislatures passed laws mandating a certain minimum level of physical welfare for slaves d. masters became more fearful of slave uprisings with the passage of time

a

In 1790, there were fewer than 700,000 slaves in the South; by 1860 that number had increased to a. more than 4 million b. 12 million c. 800,000 d. 1 million

a

The effect of the institution of slavery on southern society was that a. whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class b. planters treated whites who owned no slaves as far inferior to themselves c. poor whites identified more with free blacks than with planters and agitated for laws to protect them d. people who owned no slaves generally disapproved of the planters' practices

a

The most essential coercion planters used to punish slaves a. whippings b. neck and wrist chains c. miscegenation d. to withhold their food for three days

a

The rarest job on the plantation for slaves was that of driver, the person who a. made sure all slaves worked hard b. worked alongside the carpenter, driving in nails c. transported the slaves to the fields from their quarters and then back again at the end of the day. d. sat in the farm equipment and managed the animals that pulled it

a

The staple crop in the tidewater area from the Carolinas into Georgia, which required canals, dikes, and huge numbers of slaves, was a. rice b. cotton c. hemp d. tobacco

a

The typical plantation mistress a. did not live a life of leisure and spent most of her time on the plantation b. volunteered for community betterment associations c. went to church every Sunday, often separately from her husband d. rode into town occasionally to purchase manufactured goods

a

Upcountry yeoman, who lived in the hills and mountains, a. raised hogs, cattle, and sheep, and sought self-sufficiency and independence b. were commonly opposed to the slavery system of their plantation neighbors c. were as well educated as the average Northerner d. concentrated on raising tobacco rather than cotton, with the help of one or two slaves

a

Which of the following plantation values strongly influenced southern life before the Civil war? a. slavery, honor, and male domination b. chastity, honor, and virtue c. respect for whites, hatred of blacks, and love of God d. slavery, godliness, and cleanliness

a

Yeoman in the plantation belt of the South a. relied on helpful neighborhood slave owners to ship and sell their cotton for them b. were opposed to slavery c. tried to avoid their richer neighbors and carve out their own market niche d. were looked down upon and mistreated by their wealthier neighbors

a

Plantation mistresses were like slaves in that their husbands a. admired their physical strength b. treated them unkindly c. did not allow them to carry out their duties without supervision d. demanded that they be subordinate

d

According to historians, a planter in the antebellum South may be distinguished from a farmer by virtue of his a. earning all of his income from cotton b. owning at least twenty slaves c. owning at least one hundred slaves d. owning at least one hundred acres of land

b

After the violence of Nat Turner's rebellion, white Virginians reassured themselves by a. emancipating their slaves b. blaming the revolt on outside agitators c. starting to openly criticize the institution of slavery d. passing laws to encourage more lenient treatment of slaves

b

By 1860, what percentage of the world's supply of cotton was produced in the southern United States? a. 25 percent b. 75 percent c. 10 percent d. 50 percent

b

By the 1850s, the political system of the white South a. was characterized by poor voter turnout b. had extended suffrage for all adult white males c. was largely free from partisan voting d. had implemented strict voting requirements to keep yeoman from holding office

b

In 1860, in the Lower South states of South Carolina and Mississippi, a. one in three persons was black b. blacks were the majority c. there were about as many blacks as there were in the North; the only difference was that in the South most blacks were slaves, whereas in the North most were free d. one in five persons was black

b

In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners a. owned no land at all b. were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers c. were planters d. owned a small number of slaves

b

In the decades after 1820, the most important factor dividing the North and South was a. the industrialization of the North b. the existence of ever-increasing number of slaves in the South. c. railroad expansion in the North d. the agricultural dominance of the South

b

Most white Southerners in the antebellum South a. had about twenty slaves, including domestic servants b. did not own slaves c. considered themselves planters d. worked small farms with the help of only a few slaves

b

Open slave revolts were uncommon in the South because a. slaves lacked the organizational skills needed to stage a revolt b. whites outnumbered blacks two to one by 1860 and were heavily armed, so rebels had almost no chance of success c. vicious hunting dogs were used by planters to keep blacks in tow d. slaves were not allowed to have firearms or machetes

b

Plantation owners often described the master-slave relationship in terms of "paternalism" a. which is to say that the relationship between master and slave was akin to that of government and citizen b. a concept whereby a slave's labor and obedience were exchanged for the master's care and guidance c. which meant that the master's relationship with his slave mirrored his relationship with God d. which meant that masters had no direct contact with their slaves

b

Planters in the nineteenth century promoted Christianity in the slave quarters because a. they knew the preachers would bring joy and thus make the slaves happier and live longer b. they believed that the slaves' salvation was part of their obligation and that religion would make slaves more obedient c. evangelicals were advocating Christianizing the slaves d. they didn't want infidels playing with their children

b

Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy? a. Southerners were afraid that factories would bring an influx of foreigners to the South, and the politically powerful planters were opposed to that concept b. Planters made good profits and feared that economic change would threaten the plantation system c. There were too few cities in the South to support industry d. The South's earlier experiment with textile manufacture had failed, and investors were wary of further attempts at industrialization

b

Southern plain folk, whether they lived upcountry or in the flatlands, a. valued education b. were more likely to attend a religious revival than a classroom lecture c. were not very religious d. attended traditional church services each week without fall

b

Southern whites of all classes were unanimous in their commitment to a. the teachings of Christianity b. white supremacy c. keeping industrial growth to a minimum in the South d. keeping cotton their primary source of income

b

The South's elite class protected slavery by a. trying to keep yeoman farmers and other nonslaveholders from voting b. actively stifling its harsher critics by hounding them from their work, church, and political lives and through occasional violence c. making sure slaveholders paid more in taxes than other whites relative to their wealth, to ensure the continued support of the poorer people d. criticizing individuals who did not own slaves and by trying to convince them to join the slaveholding class

b

The cultivation of cotton was well suited to the South because a. it had so many slaves b. of its climate and geography c. it did not have many towns or cities d. rainfall there was above average

b

The economy of the upcountry South typically a. depended heavily on large-scale exportation of cotton and other staples b. combines barter, networks of exchange, and mutual assistance c. demonstrated strong opposition to slave ownership d. worked in a highly individualistic way because most yeoman were self-sufficient

b

The typical plantation belt yeoman in the old South aspired to a. leaving the farm and opening a shop in town b. moving up to the planter class c. the destruction of his neighbor's crops because of his envy and resentment d. higher education for his children so they could compete against the planter's children for jobs

b

When slaves became elderly, they a. swept the big house floors and shooed files. b. cared for small children, spun yarn, fed livestock, or cleaned stables c. were honored by the chance to retire from the plantation. d. carried water to the fields for field hands

b

Which of the following restrictions were placed on the 260,000 free blacks by 1860? a. curfews said that all blacks must be off the streets in urban areas by 8 p.m. b. Free blacks were subjected to special taxes, prohibited from interstate travel, denied the right to have schools and to participate in politics, and forced to carry "freedom papers." c. Free blacks could not borrow money from lending institutions or own slaves d. Free blacks could not attend white churches, legally marry, or own property

b

Among the wats slaves reacted to their bondage was a. periodically organizing rebellions b. suffering quietly and passively c. engaging in daily forms of resistance such as feigning illness, breaking farm equipment, or playing dumb. d. fighting with one another because of their frustration with their situation

c

As a system, slavery by 1860 was a. found almost exclusively on plantations b. found to be successful only on farms c. found in almost every skilled and unskilled occupation in the South d. frowned upon by many southern whites who did not own slaves themselves

c

At the bottom of the social scale in the South were poor whites, who a. had no chance or hope of upward mobility. b. owned only ten to twenty acres of farmland c. worked ambitiously and hoped to move up and away from their miserable living conditions d. made and sold moonshine to get by

c

Because the South lacked economic diversity, a. railroads were reluctant to build in the south b. it was dependent upon the North for food products c. newly arrived European immigrants tended to settle in the North d. the government dragged its feet in creating an effective banking system there.

c

In 1831, a French visitor to the United States, Alexis de Tocqueville, astutely observed that the major differences between the North and South revolved around a. the fact that the northern states were crowded, which fostered an ill-tempered society b. the vast amounts of free land available to southerners c. the southern institution of slavery d. Southerners wanting states' rights and a weak centralized government

c

In the nineteenth century, southern politics were democratized, which meant that a. the legislatures reflected a representative mix of planters, yeomen, and tradesmen b. planters were losing their status as leaders c. a greater number of ordinary citizens voted, but yeoman and artisans were still only infrequently elected to the legislatures d. a town meeting system like that of New England began to emerge to encourage the political participation of ordinary citizens

c

Initially, the white South defended slavery as a "necessary evil"; eventually, however, southern intellectuals began to argue that slavery was a. essential to the cotton industry b. a segment of southern society that could not be dismissed c. a positive good because it civilized blacks and brought them Christianity d. a long-standing institution and - for that reason alone- should be continued

c

Most plantation mistresses kept their opinions on issues to themselves, but the diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut echoed most women in railing against a. women's subordination to men b. her endless responsibilities c. miscegenation d. slavery itself

c

The growth in the southern population between 1790 and 1869 occurred primarily because of a. Southerners buying slaves from the North, where the practice was waning. b. miscegenation c. natural reproduction d. the importation of slaves from Africa

c

There were several advantages to being a house servant in the old South; for instance, house servants a. did not have to answer to the master or mistress as much as field workers b. were treated better by the mistress and master c. enjoyed somewhat less physically demanding work d. had more time for themselves

c

A widespread form of protest that particularly angered masters was a. burying the family's silver b. scorching the family's clothes on ironing day c. poisoning chickens and pigs d. running away

d

African American Christianity, created by slaves themselves a. delivered the same message taught by white preachers b. emphasized obedience and passive resistance c. resembled Catholicism more than Evangelical Protestantism d. was an interpretation of the Christian message that emphasized justice and salvation for all

d

After 1820, what caused slavery to become more vigorous and profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power? a. The invention of the plow led to greater agricultural productivity b. the natural birthrate increased c. Tobacco production increased exponentially d. cotton production expanded to the West

d

Before the Civil War, the southern economy was based on agriculture; the North developed a mixed economy based on a. healthy banking system b. growing only one crop in an area, which ended up depleting the soil c. mining as well as agriculture d. agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing

d

Central to slave life was the importance slaves placed on a. keeping their African culture alive b. being able to keep small gardens to supply their families with a variety of food. c. being good workers so the master wouldn't sell them or their families d. family, religion, and community

d

The free black population in the old South was a. gradually assimilated into the rural white society b. concentrated in the Lower South c. not allowed to own slaves d. typically rural, uneducated, and made up of unskilled laborers

d

The passage of laws strengthening institution of slavery and restricting free blacks by the Virginia legislature in 1831 was prompted by a. Denmark Vesey's escape and subsequent organization of free blacks b. Gabriel Prosser's rebellion c. the publication of Liberator d. Nat Turner's insurrection

d

The southern lady has been idealized in history; in reality a. she was waited on by servants and had few responsibilities b. she was only responsible for entertaining and for the education of her children c. she was often idle because her only responsibility was to bear children d. she could have the responsibility of managing servants, directing the slave hospital, and supervising the henhouse and diary

d