Chapter 13 The Endocrine System
The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur? 1. cellular response to the hormone 2. activation of a gene 3. formation of a hormone-receptor complex 4. diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane 5. production of a protein
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?
It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females
Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
LH
causes release of the egg from the ovary
LH
________ cells have axons that can transmit nerve impulses in addition to being able to secrete hormones like endocrine cells
Neuroendocrine
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?
Production of natural cortisol may decrease.
Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels.
TRUE
Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.
TRUE
During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.
TRUE
Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder in which a person's thyroid is stimulated to produce too much thyroxine.
TRUE
Nitric oxide helps regulate blood flow in many tissues and is involved in the development and control of penile erection.
TRUE
Somatostatin functions to inhibit both insulin and glucagon.
TRUE
Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus
TRUE
The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone.
TRUE
When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases
TRUE
Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of
TSH.
GnRH
anterior pituitary
A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels
because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.
Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they
bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane
prolactin
breasts
lowers blood calcium levels
calcitonin
Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart?
decrease in blood pressure
Hyposecretion of ADH results in
diabetes insipidus
Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in
dwarfism.
An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?
epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing
estrogen and progesterone
Nonsteroid hormones are ________ acting than steroid hormones because they activate molecules that are already present in the target cell in an inactive form
faster
A student just finished a delicious breakfast of pancakes with syrup, orange juice, and Danish pastries. Because his blood sugar level has increased, the pancreas secretes ________.
insulin
stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body
insulin
Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by
insulin.
Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?
iodine
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in small groupings throughout the organ known as the ________.
islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets (either answer is correct)
The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" because
it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
ADH
kidney
Steroid hormones depend on receptors inside the cell because these hormones are ________ soluble.
lipid
The pineal gland secretes ________, also known as the "hormone of darkness."
melatonin
growth hormone
muscles and bones
Hormones important in internal homeostatic control mechanisms are generally part of a(n) ________ feedback loop
negative
The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ________ blood calcium levels.
raise
Nonsteroid hormones require a(n) ________ on the cell surface to communicate with cells
receptor
Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are not secreted unless they are stimulated to be released by ________ from the hypothalamus
releasing hormones
Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system?
salivary gland
Every hormone in the human body needs to interact with an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane before it can cause a response
FALSE
In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.
FALSE
Diabetes type ________ occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin.
1
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.
FALSE
Nonsteroid hormones cause the production of ATP from cAMP.
FALSE
stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
ACTH
The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?
ADH
The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood.
FALSE
The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones
FALSE
The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland
FALSE
Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system.
FALSE
Erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the liver, stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
FALSE
FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus
GnRH
All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?
Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.
________ of growth hormone during childhood can result in pituitary dwarfism
Hyposecretion
All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?
They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism
ACTH
adrenal cortex
Although most of the estrogen and testosterone produced in the human body is made by the ovaries and testes, respectively, small amounts of these hormones are also produced by the ________.
adrenal cortex
The thymus produces two peptides that function to
aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes
promotes sodium uptake and potassium excretion
aldosterone
Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?
glucagon, insulin
Gigantism is caused by hypersecretion of ________ hormone during childhood and adolescence.
growth
During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?
hypothalamus
Neuroendocrine cells can be found in the ________.
hypothalamus, adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary (any term can be used)
All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?
increased susceptibility to cancer
LH
ovary, testis
causes ejection of milk into ducts during breast-feeding
oxytocin
Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary gland by the ________.
pituitary portal system
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by
promoting fat utilization
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by
promoting the entry of glucose into cells
Which one of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?
prostaglandins
gastrin
stomach
Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla
sympathetic nerves
Hormones act upon specific target tissues because
target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone
Thymosin and thymopoietin are secreted by the ________.
thymus
thyrotropin
thyroid
Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels
thyroid and parathyroid
The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functions
to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations
When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the
uterus.