Chapter 13

Which events took place after the British won the Opium Wars against China?

$6 million was given to Britain to reimburse the merchants whose opium had been destroyed by Commissioner Lin Broad trading rights were given to the British The British were given the island of Hong Kong

In the late 19th century in the US, the typical opioid user was a ________.

30 to 50 year old white woman

What happened to the nature of opioid abuse in the US after the passage of the Harrison Act in 1914?

Clinics for the treatment of opioid addictions were closed. The Supreme Court decided that possession of smuggled opioids was a crime.

While the overwhelming majority of heroin in Europe, Russia, the Middle East, and Asia is supplied by Afghanistan, most of the heroin use in the US is derived from poppies grown in _________.

Columbia and Mexico

T or F Other than enkephalins and endorphins, no substance has actions similar to those or morphine.

False

Describe heroin usage in the US in the 1970s.

In 1972, the major source of US heroin was opium grown in Turkey.

Identify a statement about methadone.

Methadone produces withdrawal symptoms that are less severe than heroin

T or F The abuse of prescription opioids has led to the FDA requiring opioid manufacturers to prepare educational materials that physicians or prescribers can use when counseling patients about the risks and benefits of opioid use.

True

In the late 19th century in the US, a typical opioid user _______.

caused few, if any, social problems

_________ is the second most important active ingredient found in opium.

codeine

A beneficial effect of opioid drugs is that they ________.

decrease activity in the cough control center in the medulla

The perfection of the hypodermic syringe in 1853 by Dr. Alexander Wood made it possible to ________.

deliver morphine directly into the bloodstream

One specific effect of the opioid drugs is to ________.

depress the respiratory centers in the brain

Opioids relieve pain by ________.

diminishing a patient's awareness of and response to the aversive stimulus

Heroin was originally marketed as a nonaddictive cough suppressant under the assumption that it was less _______.

harmful than codeine

Identify an accurate statement about the medical use of opium by Dr. Thomas Sydenham, the father of English clinical medicine.

he used an opium extract called laudanum in medical practice

Identify a true statement about the contribution of Paracelsus to the medical use of opium.

he was one of the early Renaissance supporters of opium as a panacea and referred to it as the "stone of immortality"

One of the important things learned from the experience of the opioid use among the American soldiers during the Vietnam conflict was that ______.

heroin addiction and compulsive use are not inevitable among occasional users

The fact that led to the end of the use of heroin as a cough suppressant was that _________.

heroin could produce a powerful dependence when injected in higher doses

As a result of the increased magnitude and visibility of the heroin problem in the aftermath of the Vietnam conflict, one of the steps taken by the US government was to _______.

initiate Operation Golden Flow, a urine-testing program to detect opioids in service personnel ready to leave Vietnam

One of the misconceptions associated with opioid use is that ________.

injecting an opioid induces in everyone an intense pleasure unequaled by any other experience

Identify a feature of heroin.

it is about three times as potent as morphine

The primary active ingredient found in opium is _______.

morphine

Enkephalins

morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and adrenals

Endorphins

morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and pituitary gland

In terms of opium usage, it is important to note that _______.

most opioid overdoses occur in combination with a sedative such as alcohol

Shortly after AD 1000, Biruni, an Arabic physician, composed a pharmacology book with the first written description of _______.

opioid addiction

___________ __________ are drugs that block the action of morphine, heroin, or other opioid agonists.

opioid antagonists

In the context of the effects of opioids, it has been observed that ________.

opioid overdose can be diagnosed on the basis of the opioid triad

__________ is a unique substance extracted from the juice of the plant Papaver somniferum.

opium

Identify a statement of the history of opium during the Dark Ages.

opium became the primary social drug wherever the Islamic culture moved

Identify the forms of opioid addiction that were developing in the US in the second half of the 19th century.

oral intake of opium and morphine injection of morphine

Which symptoms are part of the opioid triad?

pinpoint pupils, coma, depressed respiration

A feature of fentanyl, an opioid pain killer, is that it is ________.

primarily used in conjunction with surgical anesthesia

One of the beneficial uses of opioids is that they ______.

quiet colic and save lives by counteracting diarrhea

An effect of chronic opioid use seen in street users is that they _______.

suffer from sores and abscesses at the injection site

An attribute to morphine is that _____.

ten times as potent as opium

The first specific medical use of opium to prevent the excessive crying of children was reported in _________.

the Ebers papyrus in Egypt

Identify attributes of heroin.

the acetyl groups present in heroin increase the lipid solubility of heroin molecules heroin molecules enter the brain more rapidly than morphine molecules do

What led the start of the Opium Wars between China and England in 1839?

the destruction of about 20,000 opium chests worth $6 million by Commissioner Lin

What was in part responsible for the increase in opium smoking in China?

the edict of 1644 by the Chinese emperor that forbade tobacco smoking

In the context of heroin use, it has been observed that _______.

the number of occasional users is two to three times the number of chronic opioid users in the US

In the aftermath of the passage of the Harrison Act in the US in 1914, ______.

the number of oral opioid users began to decline

In the context of the changing population of opioid users in the US in the 1960s, ________.

the number of regular and irregular heroin users in the large American cities increased

Identify a true statement about the extraction of opium from the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum plant.

the substance from the unripe seedpods of the plant oxidizes to a red-brown color and becomes gummy

An accurate statement about chronic opioid use is that _______.

there is no specific evidence that exposure to opioids causes long-term organ damage