Chapter 13

The presence of microbes in the bladder is indicative of __________.

infection

pathogen

infectious agent

The minimum number of organisms necessary to enter through the portal of entry and establish infection is the ____________.

infectious dose

Proteins produced by Escherichia coli can prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella. This is an example of _________________________.

microbial antagonism

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A ________ infectious disease, such as a urinary tract infection, is not transmitted from person to person, whereas an infectious disease which is transmitted from one person to another, such as influenza, is referred to as a ________ infectious disease.

noncommunicable; communicable

An infection that is acquired or develops during a person's stay in the hospital is a _________ infection.

nosocomial

Please choose the answers that best fill in the blanks of this sentence in order. The ability of a microbe to cause disease is called ________, whereas _______ refers to the degree to which a microbe can cause disease, or the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host tissues.

pathogenicity; virulence

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A(n) ______ pathogen causes disease in a healthy individual with a normal immune response, whereas a(n) ______ pathogen will not cause disease in a normal healthy host, but instead causes disease only when a host's defenses are compromised in some way.

true; opportunistic

infection

when a microbe has invaded sterile tissues and multiplied

Please match the statement to the term it most accurately describes.

1. swollen lymph nodes - lymphadenitis 2. blood infection with bacteria multiplying within the blood - septicemia 3. an increase in the number of white blood cells - leukocytosis 4. presence of relatively small numbers of microorganisms in the blood that are not actively multiplying - bacteremia 5. inflammation of the meninges - meningitis 6. inflammation of the kidneys - nephritis

Please match the diseases with their most common portal of exit.

1. tuberculosis, Influenza respiratory tract (aerosols) 2. infectious mononucleosis gI tract (saliva droplets) 3. common warts, fungal infections exudates from skin lesions 4. cholera gI tract (diarrhea) 5. gonorrhea reproductive tract (semen) 6. Hepatitis B blood through a contaminated needle

Please choose the statement that provides correct information about zoonoses.

70 percent of the new emerging infections seen today are zoonoses.

Please choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host.

Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.

Experiments conducted with germ-free animals have led to what conclusion?

Microbiota contribute to the normal development of the immune system.

infectious disease

damage to tissues and organs caused by an infectious agent

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease in defined human populations is known as _________.

epidemiology

Please choose the statement that best describes the use of Koch's postulates.

Koch's postulates are used to establish that a particular microorganism causes a specific disease.

Please order the four steps of Koch's postulates as they would normally be applied.

1. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a particular disease. 2. Isolate the suspected microbe from an infected host and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory. 3. Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate of the potential pathogen and observe the resultant disease. 4. Reisolate the disease agent from the test subject which now shows signs of disease.

Please order the following steps a microorganism takes in establishing an infection.

1. Microbes enter the host through a portal of entry. 2. Microbes adhere to receptors on host. 3. Microbes invade and make a pathway into cells. 4. Microbes multiply, grow, and spread. 5. Microbes attack specific tissues, establishing infection and disease.

Please match the description to the disease pattern that it describes.

1. a disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected for the population - epidemic 2. a disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected, not just in a limited geographic area or population, but on more than one continent - pandemic 3. a disease pattern in which occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locations - sporadic 4. a disease pattern with a relatively stable frequency over a long time period - endemic

Please match the terms with the statements that most accurately describe them.

1. an individual who shelters a pathogen for a long period of time after recovery (example: Typhoid Mary) - chronic carrier 2. a healthy individual who is infected but shows no symptoms - asymptomatic carrier 3. an individual recovering from a disease who continues to shed the pathogen during recuperation - convalescent carrier 4. an individual who picks up a pathogen while handling patients or contaminated supplies and spreads it to other individuals (frequently involved in nosocomial disease transmission) - passive carrier

Please match the clinical stage of infection with its description.

1. appearance of first early, nonspecific symptoms - prodromal stage 2. Microorganism is multiplying rapidly and causing fever and specific disease symptoms - period of invasion 3. decline of symptoms and return to a state of health - convalescent period 4. period of time from initial contact with pathogen to appearance of very first symptoms - incubation period

Please match the description to the pattern of infection.

1. more severe infection, rapid onset - acute infection 2. an infection that has spread to multiple body sites and tissue fluids; no longer restricted to one body site - systemic infection 3. Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue - localized infection 4. an infection that progresses and persists over a longer period of time; symptoms often less severe - chronic infection 5. a subsequent infection with a different microbe that may occur following an initial infection - secondary infection

How does the toxin enter the cell?

After B binds to host cell receptors, both A and B enter the host cell by endocytosis.

In A-B toxins,

A is the toxic part.

Please choose the statement that describes the initial acquisition and development of normal microbiota.

A newborn acquires normal microbiota during the birthing process and through contact with family, health care providers, food, and their environment.

After the A-B toxin enters the cell

B is removed by exocytosis.

Neonatal research has shown that breast milk contains oligosaccharides that cannot be digested by the infant, but can be digested by some species of Bifido bacterium (infantis). This discovery suggests what?

Breast milk helps establish the normal microbiota of an infant's digestive system.

T/F: All A toxins work the same way.

False

T/F: Reservoirs are always humans or other animals.

False

T/F: Universal precautions are specifically intended for the handling of patients and specimens known to be infected with pathogens such as HIV.

False

T/F: In Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the A toxin produced carries out the transfer of ADP-ribose to elongation factor 2, inhibiting protein synthesis

True

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A mosquito which transmits malaria by injecting infected saliva into the blood of its victim is an example of a ______ vector, whereas a fly which transmits trachoma on its feet as it moves from one infected individual to the eye area of a noninfected individual is an example of a ______ vector.

biological; mechanical

Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito that has been infected with the virus after it has bitten a person who has dengue fever. In this scenario, the portal of exit would be the ____________.

blood

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without notice is a _______.

carrier

Please choose the best definition of virulence factors.

characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus attaches to host white blood cells by means of specialized ______________

receptors

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates is its ________.

reservoir

A Staphylococcus aureus infection that develops when the bacterium invades chickenpox lesions is an example of a(n) __________ infection.

secondary

A patient presents at the ER with severe abdominal pain. Blood tests reveal an abnormally high white blood cell count. In this scenario, the pain felt by the patient is a(n) ____________ and the white blood cell count is a(n) ______ of an active infection.

subjective symptom; objective sign

Which of the following is NOT an example of a communicable disease?

tetanus

Please read the following scenario: "Molly developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of her stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella typhimurium. Presumably the Salmonella was in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough." What is the reservoir for the infection in this case?

the chickens from which the eggs came

All of the following would be examples of health problems studied by epidemiologists, except _____________.

the development of an infectious disease in an immunocompromised patient

Which of the following is NOT an example of a portal of entry for microorganisms?

the meninges