Chapter 13
As discussed in the textbook, people are most likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on ____.
d. what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup
An example of ____ against Native Americans would be the practice of keeping them on reservations instead of letting them live wherever they want.
discrimination
In the ABCs of intergroup relationships, ____ can best be thought of as a behavior.
discrimination
Suppose that the CEO of a financial consulting company employs only tall people. Even though this CEO interviews equal numbers of short and tall applicants who are qualified to work at his company, he never hires any of the short ones. According to social psychologists, the CEO's behavior would be best described as an example of _____.
discrimination
Prejudice against atheists seems most rooted in ____.
distrust
Bushman and Bonacci (2004) found that prejudiced participants were ____ likely to return a lost e-mail that had been addressed to someone with an Arab surname as compared to a European-American surname.
12% less
Research on salaries and racial discrimination in major league English football suggests that teams that engaged in racial discrimination had to pay ____ overall to attain the same win-loss record as achieved by a team with black players.
5% more
Based on the textbook's definitions of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, which of the following statements is most accurate?
A stereotype can be positive or negative.
Considering all the different stereotypes that people hold of different groups, are most stereotypes positive, negative, or neutral?
Most are negative.
Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice?
While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.
According to the text, when do anti-fat attitudes begin?
Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as preschool.
Francois is at a bar and asks a beautiful woman for her phone number. Suppose the woman rebuffs him and calls him a creep. Which of the following responses BEST exemplifies the outgroup homogeneity bias?
Francois thinks, "Women—they're all the same!"
Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is an "evening person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes
Fred will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
Which of the following is least likely to be considered a stigma?
Having double-jointed knees
According to the text, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?
Highly visible forms of prejudice (e.g., vandalism, assault) are relatively rare; however, relatively less visible forms of prejudice (e.g., workplace discrimination) have increased since 9/11.
Loretta is a Native American female. Which of the following is the BEST example of someone who is an outgroup member to Loretta?
Liana, an Asian-American female
What does the text suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes—do they seem to contain a kernel of truth?
Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.
Which of the following statements would be strongly endorsed by a person who measures high on hostile sexism?
Once a woman gets a man, she usually tries to put him on a tight leash.
According to the textbook, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding prejudice towards Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?
Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States has increased dramatically since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.
Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). Which of the following theories best accounts for the kind of prejudice that existed between these groups?
Realistic conflict theory
Which of the following is the best definition of "stereotyping"?
d. Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits
Das, Bushman, Bezemer, Kerkhof, and Vermeulen used what naturally occurring factor in their study of attitudes toward Arab integration in Dutch society?
The murder of Theo van Gogh in Amsterdam
According to the textbook, is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful?
There are a number of cultures where no competition exists at all—among adults or children.
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the human tendencies for prejudice and stereotyping?
These tendencies have only recently been seen as morally wrong (i.e., in modern Western culture).
Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). The groups were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? That is, how was their animosity finally brought to an end?
They were put in a situation where they needed to cooperate in order to achieve a superordinate goal.
Which of the following is the best definition of "discrimination"?
Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong
Which of the following BEST qualifies as an example of prejudice?
Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the bus earlier this week, she therefore felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person.
Suppose that Al is obese, and you are prejudiced against obese people. Which of the following would be the best example of stigma by association?
You evaluate people less positively when you find out they are friends with Al.
According to the text, at present, the most likely explanation for people's attitudes against lesbians and homosexuals are rooted in ____.
a fear that they themselves will be the recipients of unwanted romantic or sexual advances from these groups
Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation?
a. Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience.
Research suggests that stereotyping ____.
allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process information more quickly
To what extent is homosexual behavior "natural"? Research indicates that it occurs ____.
among humans all over the world, as well as among other species
Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is extremely liberal politically, and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. Chuck is most likely ____.
an aversive racist
____ refer to characteristics of people that are considered socially unacceptable—for example, mental illnesses, disabilities, or scars.
d. Stigmas
According to the textbook, there is/are ____ known peaceful societies in the world.
d. about 25
7. Which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously (a) hold egalitarian values, and (b) experience negative feelings, or feelings of disease, when interacting with minority groups?
aversive racism
In terms of intergroup relationships, a stereotype can best be described as ____ and a prejudice as ____.
b. a cognition; an affect
The human mind seems naturally inclined to ____.
b. sort objects into groups
If something is said to be "salient," then it ____.
b. stands out and is noticeable or memorable
Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico, and that—even though he has never been to the U.S.—he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. According to the text, these stereotypes are most likely based on ____.
b. what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans
According to the textbook, there are a number of contemporary societies that are completely peaceful, and do not have any form of competition or intergroup strife. On the downside, however, these societies tend to ____.
be unsuccessful in economic and political terms
Mark is a Southern gentleman. He always stands up when a woman enters the room and offers her his chair. He is quick to get the doors for his female companions, and he always pays when they go out. Mark probably scores high on ____.
benevolent sexism
In the context of realistic conflict theory, the term "superordinate goal" refers to a goal that ____.
can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others
In Muzafer Sherif's research with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp in Robber's Cave, it was found that ____ tended to increase prejudice, while ____ tended to reduce it.
competition; superordinate goals
During the second phase of the Robber's Cave experiment, the boys from the Eagles and the Rattlers had ____ contact with each other.
competitive
As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is best thought of as a(n) ____.
consequence of the human tendency for social categorization
Technically speaking, the term "homophobia" refers to excessive ____ homosexuals or homosexual behavior
fear of
Research examining whether women and men are more or less tolerant of female lesbian behavior versus male gay behavior has found that
females are more tolerant of male gay behavior, while males are more tolerant of female lesbian behavior.
Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ____ theory applied to group conflict.
frustration-aggression theory
Research on prejudice against lesbian and gay people has shown that, in general, ____.
gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women
Countries that value competition generally have ____ levels of conflict and ____ levels of economic success
higher; higher
Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup) ____.
immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined
The so-called "discontinuity effect" is lessened when ____.
individual group members are identifiable
Suppose that Aretha grew up in New York, but currently works in California as a Human Resources Director. While she tries to be unbiased when reviewing job applications, she knows that she has a tendency to favor New York applicants over other applicants. That is, she tends to engage in ____. a. the discontinuity effect
ingroup favoritism
People who belong to the same category as yourself are called ____.
ingroup members
Compared to others, obese people tend to be rated as ____.
less attractive, less successful, less hardworking, and less intelligent
Szymanski's (2000) research found that black players in the major leagues for English football were paid ____.
lower salaries than white players, regardless of ability
It would be most accurate to say that the majority of stereotypes are ____ and, the majority of stereotypes, when scrutinized, turn out to be ____.
negative; accurate reflections of reality
Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that ____.
obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women
The term "salience" is best defined as ____.
obviousness
Jennifer is a student at UCLA. When asked to describe the average UCLA student, she says it is almost impossible to do so because "there are so many different kinds of people at UCLA; the diversity is really amazing." By contrast, when asked to describe the average USC student, Jennifer says: "That's easy; they're all almost exactly the same." Social psychologists would say that Jennifer is displaying what is known as the ____.
outgroup homogeneity bias
Most people assume that outgroup members are relatively similar to one another, while ingroup members are relatively different from one another. This tendency is known as the ____.
outgroup homogeneity bias
Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. This tendency is most related to the so-called ____.
outgroup homogeneity bias
People who belong to a different category from yourself are ____.
outgroup members
When black players entered the major league market for English football, they were ____.
paid less than white players because fewer teams wanted to hire them
The so-called "minimal group effect" most directly suggests that ____.
people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us"
The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that ____.
people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members
Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that ____.
people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem
Research has shown that benevolent sexism is ____ for women's cognitive performance than hostile sexism
worse
Aversive racism most captures the idea that ____.
people often have mixed feelings toward other groups and sometimes harbor prejudices despite themselves
The so-called "outgroup homogeneity bias" refers to the tendency for people to ____.
perceive members of outgroups as relatively similar to one another, but perceive members of ingroups as relatively different from one another
The term "____" refers to a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group
prejudice
Research on the economics of sports suggests that ____.
racial discrimination can be costly for teams
Randi believes that, compared to white people, Asian people are spiritual. Randi's belief is best characterized as an example of ____.
stereotyping
Men tend to be rated less positively when they are seated next to an obese woman than when they are seated next to an average-weight woman. This tendency is known as ____.
stigma by association
Suppose that Madison has just begun dating Wayne. While at his house, she notices some family photos on the coffee table. She notices that—even though Wayne himself is not overweight—every other member of his family is clearly obese. Somehow, this makes Wayne seem less attractive to Madison. Madison's attitude illustrates ____.
stigma by association
According to the textbook, one critical reason why people hold on to their stereotypes—even in the face of refuting evidence—is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as "exceptions," which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create _____.
subtypes
Categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a more general stereotype are called ____.
subtypes
Suppose that Paul is gay, but he does not fit your stereotype of gay people: He wears baggy jeans, constantly swears, has sloppy table manners, and enjoys sports. Instead of changing the way you think about gay people as a group, however, you just decide that Paul belongs to a special class of gay people ("gay jocks"). This would be an example of ____.
subtyping
Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice through ____.
testing positive interactions under adverse conditions
16. The human tendency for rapid, pervasive social categorization is most in line with the idea of ____.
the cognitive miser
The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as ____.
the contact hypothesis
Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as ____.
the discontinuity effect
Groups are more influenced by competition than individuals are. This effect has been dubbed ____.
the discontinuity effect
According to realistic group conflict theory, white people should show the most prejudice against minority groups when ____.
the economy is doing poorly, and whites feel as though they are competing with minorities for a scarce supply of jobs
The discontinuity effect refers to ____.
the fact that groups tend to be more influenced by competition than individuals are
People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.
the minimal group effect
Sherif's Robber's Cave Study was conducted in ____ phases.
three
