Chapter 13,14 & 15
The "hot seat technique" is a therapeutic strategy to help people learn how to be more:
optimistic
Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self."
Carl Rogers
________ is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences.
Openness
________ is the emotional reaction that follows victory in a competitive situation.
Triumph
The facial feedback hypothesis asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior.
True
The essential question investigated by those who study positive psychology is:
What can be?
Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: corrugators (eyebrows) drawn in and down; lips firmly pressed together.
anger
________ arises when one compares the outcome one received versus a better outcome that might have resulted from the same action or the same choice.
disappointment
Humanistic psychology is mostly about:
discovering human potential and encouraging its development.
The emotion that underlies "moralization" so that the person is motivated to avoid any temptation to engage in the immoral behavior is:
disgust
Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: Wrinkled nose; Raised cheeks; Raised upper lip.
disgust
________ can get people to change personal habits and attributes, discard waste and sanitize their surroundings, reappraise their thoughts and values, wash the dishes, brush their teeth, take showers, and exercise.
disgust
________ involves feeling repulsed by and motivated to get away from or get rid of a contaminated, deteriorated, or spoiled object.
disgust
________ is the oldest emotion, with its original function being to prevent the oral incorporation of offensive substances (eating bad things).
disgust
The emotion of _________ arises primarily from experiences of separation and failure.
distress (sadness)
________ is the most negative, aversive emotion. It motivates the person to do whatever it takes to get rid of some troubling set of circumstances.
distress (sadness)
Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes:
eudaimonic well-being
The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that:
facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component.
Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term:
facilitator
Some facial expression of emotion are more difficult to recognize than are other facial expressions of emotion. Which of the following emotions is considered the most difficult for people to recognize from the facial expression alone?
fear
The person who experiences increased heart rate and decreased skin temperature is probably feeling:
fear.
________ arises after the person evaluates his behavior (not himself) as a failure. Thus the focus of this emotion is on the self's behavior and action rather than on the self's worth.
guilt
People who are optimistic in their youth tend to be ________ in their older ages.
happy
Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation?
holism, Gestalt psychology, and existentialism
________ is rooted in the desire for some future outcome that is of particular importance to the person. It typically involves a wish for an attractive goal, attractive event, or desired relationship.
hope
________ is associated with desirable outcomes—experiencing a personal achievement, making progress toward a goal, getting what we want, or experiencing pleasurable sensations.
joy
Maslow estimated that _____ % of the population reaches self-actualization.
less than 1
The function of the contempt emotion is to:
maintain the social hierarchy
Victor Frankl's logotherapy addresses the pursuit of which virtue central to positive psychology?
meaning
Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as:
meditation training
The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:
other people
According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and uncontrollable cause generates the emotional reaction of __________.
pity
Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to lead children to experience pressure-driving functioning, emotional suppression, and a tendency to self-aggrandizement after success and self-criticism after failure:
positive conditional regard
According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience in the following situation?An important goal was at stake.The goal was attained.The self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition.
pride
________ is expressed with a slight (not a large) smile, tilting the head slightly back, expanding the chest, and raising one's arms upward into the air.
pride
According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal; (1) occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, and (2) involves an estimate of whether a person has anything at stake in the stimulus encounter.
primary
The phrase "I took action, it turned out bad, and now I wish that I had acted differently" sums up which of the following emotions?
regret
The text states that ________ arises principally from experiences of separation or failure, although it is particularly closely related to an experience of permanent loss.
sadness
According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal; (1) occurs after some reflection, and (2) involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor.
secondary
Which of the following would Maslow classify as a "growth" need?
self-actualization
According to Lazarus's theory of emotion, the primary appraisal of "failing to live up to an ego ideal" leads to the emotional experience of __________.
shame
Two motives are generated as a result of experiencing ________: to protect the self and to restore the threatened self.
shame
_______ is an overwhelmingly powerful emotion associated with feelings of inferiority, a sense of worthlessness, and a damaged self-image.
shame
Which of the following events prompts the individual to make a secondary appraisal of a potentially stressful event?
sympathetic nervous system activation
The themes that the emotions fear, anger, disgust, and sadness all have in common are _____________.
threat and harm
Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship:
to environmental threats and benefits.
________ arises from a person's interpretation that the situation or event is dangerous and a threat to one's well-being.
Anxiety
________ is a cognitive process that evaluates the significance or environmental events in terms of one's well-being (e.g., "Is this situation significant to me and my well-being?).
Appraisal
________ involves a negative evaluation of the other person's behavior; typically the other person is judged to be unworthy in some way. It only arises during social interaction.
Contempt
_____ follow(s) secondary appraisals.
Coping responses
All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that emotion activation arises from a felt tendency to approach or avoid the stimulus event.
False
________ motivates defensive behavior. It acts as a warning signal to forthcoming harm.
Fear
Which of the following positive psychology exercises has empirical research shown to be the most effective in increasing happiness and in decreasing depression?
Gratitude visit
Which one of the following questions best represents Lazarus's concept of primary appraisal?
Is this event a personal threat?
________ is an inherent developmental striving. It is a process of leaving behind defenses and moving toward autonomous self-regulation.
Self-actualization
When people describe their most recent emotional experience, the emotion that most often comes to mind is:
anger
_____ individuals accept external definitions that pressure them to identify with stereotypical identities and ways of behaving that are appropriate for their social group.
Socially defined
________ is considered by humanistic psychologists as the "forward thrust of life".
The actualization tendency
When there is an obstacle to one's pursuit of a goal, _________ prepares the person to overcome such obstacles.
anger
According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of _______.
anger
According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following this experience:An important goal was at stake.The goal was lost.Another person blocked my goal attainment.The loss was undeserved/illegitimate.
anger
According to the text, ________ is potentially the most dangerous emotion, as its functional purpose is to destroy barriers in one's environment.
anger
The principal antecedent of ________ is physical and psychological restraint or interference, as in the experience showing that a situation is "not what it should be."
anger
In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:
autonomy and openness.
People socially share their emotions with others primarily to:
better regulate those emotions.
________ is a complex emotion, partly because it is peculiarly both a positive and a negative emotion.
compassion
To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called:
conditional regard
The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment.
control causality orientation
Rumination is the catalyst that, when combined with other negative emotions, produces emotion overproduction that often leads to:
depression
________ occurs following a social blunder that is committed in front of an audience of others. Such a blunder suggests that the actor may possess some personal deficiency, as occurs when forgetting someone's name (a mental lapse), tripping or stumbling (a physical pratfall), or lacking reasonable control over one's physical functions.
embarrasment
Which of the following sequence of events best describes Arnold's appraisal view of emotion?
emotion -> action -> appraisal
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial feedback does one thing: _______________.
emotion activation.
The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own experience is called _________.
emotion knowledge
____________ is defined as when a person automatically mimics another's emotional expression and begins to synchronize his or her own emotion with the other person's in terms of expression, vocalization, postures, and movements.
emotional contagion
________ is triggered by another person's emotional state or situational circumstances, and it involves the observer feeling what the actor feels.
empathy
________ is an unpleasant emotional experience that arises when one person perceives that another has an advantage over him or her while also desiring what the other has.
envy
When a beneficial event related to our needs and well-being is anticipated, we feel:
interest
_______ is important because it motivates environmental engagement, promoting learning, skill development, knowledge acquisition, and achievement, and it replenishes personal resources.
interest
_______ is the most prevalent emotion in day-to-day functioning, with some level being ever present.
interest
Unlike negative emotions that narrow attention to the immediate stimulus at hand, ________ has the opposite effect of broadening our attention, thoughts, and behaviors.
joy
The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but decrease for another emotion is an important finding because it _______ of emotion.
supports the James-Lange theory