chapter 14

The rise of _____ exemplified the Western March of the American people. The West began to acquire its status as the _____ part of America. The Republic is Young and so are the ____. As late as 1850 half of Americans were under the age of 30. They were always on the move and always ____. Life was downright Grim for most pioneer families. They were poorly flooded in houses and hastily erected Santee. They were Perpetual victims of _____, depression, and _____. Above all lonely list haunted them especially _____ who were often cut off from Human contact. Breakdowns and Madness we're all too frequent. Frontier life could be tough for men as well. Wrestling was popular entertainment. Americans were often ill-informed provincial and fiercely _____. Ralph Waldo Emerson popular lecture essay self-reliance struck a deeply responsive chord. Yet even in this Heyday of individualism, there were important exceptions. Pioneering men facing tasks but on their own resources relied upon the labor of their women, children, and Neighbors. In the South, their slaves. _____ was as crucial to survival as the government, local and federal provided help in building _____ improvements. The Westward Movement also molded the physical _____. Pioneers in a hurry often _____ into tobacco regions and pushed on leaving bare and rain guttered fields. But settlers soon discovered that when the King was burned off _____ thrived in the charred cane fields. The American West felt the pressure of civilization in other ways. By the 1820s American _____ were setting their trap lines all over the rocky mountain region. The fur trapping Empire was based on the rendezvous system. Each summer Traders ventured from St Louis to Rocky Mountain Valley and waited for _____ to arrive with beaver pelts to swap for manufactured goods from the East. This trade thrived for two decades. Trade in ____ robes also flourished. Some historians have called this aggressive in heedless exploitation of the natural West Bounty ______. Yet Americans in this also revered nature and admired its beauty. Indeed the spirit of nationalism fed a growing belief in the _____ of the American wilderness. Searching for the United States distinctive characteristics in this age many observers found the wild to be among this young nation's defining attributes. Other countries might have impressive mountains or sparkling Rivers but none have the natural beauty of America, unspoiled by human hands. This attitude towards Wilderness became in time a kind of national Mystique. _______ was among the first Americans to Advocate preservation of nature. He proposed the creation of a ____. His idea for free with the creation of a national park system beginning with Yellowstone Park. As the American people move to us they also multiplied at an amazing rate. By mid-century the population was ____ every 25 years. The United States was the fourth most populous nation in the western world's. Urban growth continued explosively. In 1790 there had only been two American cities with large populations. By 1860 there were 43. Such rapid urbanization brought undesirable by-products. It intensified the problems of slums, feeble lighting, inadequate policing, _____, sewage, rats, and improper _____. A continuing ______ accounted for most of the increase in population but by the 1840s _____ was adding hundreds of thousands more. The influx tripled in the 1840s and quadrupled the 1850s. During these two decades over a million _____ swarmed down. The immigrants came partly because Europe seemed to be _____. The population of the old world more than doubled in the 19th century. Europe began to generate Surplus people. They were displaced in their homelands before they felt the tug of America. America benefited from these changes but did not set them all in motion. There was freedom from ______, and abundant opportunity to ____ and better condition. Ireland was prostrated in the mid-1840s. A terrible rot _____ on which the people had become dangerously dependent. About 2 million perished. These newcomers swarmed into the large Seaboard cities. Noteworthy were _____. The lockless Irish migrants received bad treatment. They were forced to live in squalor where they were ____. They were scorned by the older Americans especially _____. They took jobs as kitchen maids and were pushed into working on canals and railroads. As ______ the Irish were hated by native workers. The Irish fiercely resented the _____ with whom they shared society's basement. The friend list famous Irish were forced to fend for themselves. The ______, a society founded in Ireland to fight landlords, served in America as a benevolent Society. It also helped to spawn the Molly Maguires, Irish miners Union that rocked Philadelphia. The Irish tended to remain in _____ but gradually improved. The _____ was cut short the family struggle to save money to purchase a home. _____ quickly attracted these newcomers. They soon began to gain control of powerful City machines, notably New York's Tammany Hall. Before long Irishman dominated police departments. American politicians made haste to cultivate the Irish Boat especially in New York. Irish hatred of the British lost nothing in transatlantic moving. Politicians found it politically profitable to fire verbal volleys at London.

Andrew Jackson; most American; people; Westward; disease; premature death; the women; individualistic; Community; internal; environment; exhausted the land; European Bluegrass; Fur Trappers; Trappers and Indians; buffalo; ecological imperialism; uniqueness; George Catlin; national park; doubling; bad water; garbage disposal; High birth rate; immigration; half Irish and Germans; running out of room; aristocratic caste and state Church; secure land; attack the potato crop; Boston and New York; crammed; proper Protestant bostonians; wage-depressing competitors for jobs; blacks; Ancient Order of Hibernians; low-skill occupations; education of children; Politics

America's Factory spread slowly until 1807, when the ______ occurred. Stern necessity dictated the manufacture of substitutes for normal Imports, while stoppage of European commerce was temporarily ruinous to Yankee shipping. Both capital and labor were driven from the waves on to the factory floor. But the manufacturing broke abruptly with the _____. British competitors unloaded their surpluses at ____ and American newspapers were so full of ____ that little space was left for news. As a factory system flourished and embraced numerous other Industries in addition to textiles. Prominent among them was manufacturing of ____ where Eli Whitney once again appeared with men extraordinary contribution. The principle of _____ was widely adopted by 1850. It gave a host of other variations and became the basis of modern mass production, assembly-line methods that set the Nerf states on the path of industrialization. The sewing machine invented by ____ and perfected by Isaac Singer give another strong boost to North industrialization. The sewing machine became the foundation of the ready-made _____. Each momentous new invention seem to stimulate even more inventions. Technical advances spurred equally important changes in the form and legal status of businesses. The principle of _____ aided the concentration of capital by permitting the individual investor to risk no more than _____. 15 Boston Family Sport one of the earliest investment Capital companies, the ______. They eventually dominated the textile, real Road, insurance, and banking business is Massachusetts. Samuel FB Morse's ____ was among the inventions that tightened the sinews of a complex business world. The Invention brought Fame and Fortune to Morris as he put distantly separated people in almost ______. The ugly outgrwoth the factory system was increasingly acute ___. Manufacturing had been in the ____ or in small shops where ____ could maintain intimate and friendly relationship. The Industrial Revolution submerged this ____ in the prison ownership of Stuffy factories. Clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all. While many ____ grew plump, working people often wasted away after workbenches. ___ were long, ____ were low, and ____ were skimpy. Workers were forced to Toil in ____ that were poorly ventilated, lighted, and heated. They were forbidden by law to ____ to raise wages, for such activity was regarded as criminal conspiracy. Especially vulnerable to exploitation were ____ workers. In 1820 a significant portion of the nation's industrial workers were children under 10 years of age. Victims of factory labor they were mentally and emotionally starved and brutally ____. By contrast, the lot of missed adult wage workers improved markedly in the 1820s and 1830s. In the Jacksonian Democracy, many of the states granted ____ the vote. Brandishing the ballot the first stroke to lighten his burden through Workman parties. Eventually many workers gave their loyalty to the Democratic party of Andrew Jackson who's attack on the bank of the United States and against all forms of privilege reflected their anxieties about the ______. In addition to such goals as a 10-hour day, ____, and tolerable working conditions they demanded ____ and end-to-end human practice of imprisonment for debt. Employers fought the 10-hour day to the last ditch. They argued that reduced hours would lessen production, _____, and demoralize the workers. President _____ established a 10-hour day for federal employees in 1840. In ensuing years a number of states fell into line by reducing the hours of working people. Day laborers at least learned that their strongest weapon was to _____ even at the risk of prosecution under law. Dozens of strikes erupted in the 1830s and for most of them for higher wages, some for the 10-hour day, and a few for unusual goals. The workers usually lost more stripes than they won. Libros painful efforts at organization netted Trade union spiced 1830. But by such encouraging games were dashed on the rocks of Hard Times following ____. As ____ spread, union membership tripled. Yet toilers one promising Regal victory in 1842. The Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruled in the case of _____ that labor unions were not illegal Conspiracies, as long as their methods were honorable and peaceful. This enlightened decision did not legalize District overnight. _____ were also sucked into the mechanism of factory production. _____ had an important place in the pre-industrial economy, spinning yarn, weaving cloth, and making candles and other things. New Factory such as a textile mills of New England ___ these activities, cranking up manufactured goods much faster. Yet these same factors _____ to the very young woman whose work they have been displacing. Factory jobs promise greater ______ for women as well as means to buy manufactured product. Factory girls typically toiled 6 days a week earning a lot of money for working a lot of hours. The Boston Associates probably pointed to their textile mill at ____, in Massachusetts. The workers were virtually all New England Farm girl supervise on the job by matrons. Escorted regularly to church from by company boarding houses and forbidden to form unions they had few opportunities to share dissatisfactions. But factory jobs of any kind were unusual for women. Opportunities for women to be economically self-supporting were scarce in consisted mainly of ______. Men left teaching for other lines of work and school teaching became feminized occupation. Other work opportunities for women were household service. The vast majority of working women were ____. Upon marriage they left their paying jobs and took up their new work as _____. In homes they were Insurance in ____, a cultural Creed that glorified the customary functions of the house maker. Married woman commended immense ____ and increase power in making decisions that alter the character of the family. Women's changing roles in spreading Industrial Revolution brought some important changes in the life of nineteenth-century home. Families became ____, providing the emotional Refuge that made big cities industrialism intolerable too many people. Families grew _____. The average household had nearly six members at the end of the eighteenth Century. Fewer than five members a century later. The ____ drop sharply among women After the revolution and fell by half in the course of the 19th century. _____ was still at taboo topic for polite conversation and contraceptive technology was primitive but clearly some form of family limitation was being practiced. Woman undoubtedly played a large part in decisions to have fewer children. The newly assertive role for women's has been calling _____ because it signify The Growing Power and _____ of women even while they still remained in the house. Smaller families became _____ because there were fewer children's and parents could lavish more Care on them individually. But even though Americans may have spare the rod they did not ____. Lessons were enforced by punishments. In the little Republic of the family good citizens were ways not to be obedient to Authority but to be independent individuals who can make their own decisions on the _____. The outlines of the Modern Family were clear. It was small, affectionate, and child-centered and provided special arena for the talents of woman. As smoke belching factories outside the Eastern Skyline flourishing ____ were changing. The _____ region was becoming the nation's breadbasket. Pioneer families first half the clearing out of the forest and planted their fields to ____. It was amazingly versatile crop. It could be fed to Hogs or distilled in liquor. Both of these products can be _____ more easily than bulky grain. Most Western Products was at first floated down the Ohio Mississippi River and fed the Lusty appetite of the _____. Western farmers were as hungry for ___ as Southern slaves and Planters were for food. Ingenious inventions came to their aid. One of the first obstacles that frustrated the farmers was that the soil of the West _____. ___ of Illinois produce the steel plow that broke the stubborn soil. It was also light enough to be pulled by horses. In the 1830s ____ contributed the most wondrous Contraption of all, a mechanical mower-Reaper. The clattering cogs of his horse-drawn machine were to the Western Farmers what the cotton gin was to the South planters. No other American invention cut so wide as the _____. Farming gave way to food production for both domestic and foreign markets. Soon, hustling farmer business people were annually harvesting a larger crop than the South could devour. They began to dream of markets ____. But there were still largely ____. Commerce move north and south on the river systems before it could begin to move east and west.

Embargo, non-intercourse, and war; peace of Ghent; low prices; British advertisements; firearms; interchangeable parts; Elias Howe; clothing industry; limited liability; his own share of the corporation stock; Boston associates; telegraph; instant communication with another; labor problem; home; Master Craftsman and Apprentice; personal association; Owners; Hours; wages; meals; unsanitary buildings; form labor unions; children; whipped; laboring Man; emerging capitalist economy; higher wages; public education; increase costs; van Buren; lay down their tools; severe depression; unemployment; Commonwealth vs hunt; Woman; Farm women and girls; undermined; offered employment; economic independence; Lowell; domestic service and teaching; single; wives and mothers; Cult of Domesticity; moral power; more closely knit an affectionate; smaller; fertility rates; Birth control; domestic feminism; Independence; Child-Centered; spoil their children; basis of their moral standards; Farms; trans Allegheny; Corn; transported; cotton Kingdom; profits; snapped wooden plows; John Deere; Cyrus McCormick; McCormick Reaper; elsewhere; landlocked

The influx of refugees from ____ was hardly less spectacular than those from Island. Over a million and a half Germans came to America. The book of them are farmers displaced by ____. But many of them are political refugees. Saddened by the _____ they decided to leave and flee to America. Zealous German liberals became foes of slavery in public corruption and contributed to the elevation of American political life. Many German newcomers possessed a modest amount of material Goods. They settled and established model Farms and formed influential _____. The hands of Germans in shaping American life was widely felt and still other ways. ____ and other things were German contributions. Germans fled from militarism and Wars of Europe and came to be isolated. Better ____ than the Americans they supported Public Schools, including their ____. They also did much to stimulate _____ and became enemies to slavery. Yet the Germans were occasionally regarded with suspicion. Seeking to _____ they settled in compact colonies and kept isolated from the surrounding community. The Invasion by the emigrants inflamed prejudices of American ____. They feared that these foreign people would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm the old natives. Not only did the newcomers take ____ but the bulk of the Irish were _____ and so were a small minority of the Germans. The Church of Rome was still regarded by many old lines Americans as a foreign Church. Roman Catholics were now on the loose. They wanted to protect their children from ______. The Catholics became a powerful religious group with the influx of the Irish and Germans. Older stock Americans were alarmed by these Mountain figures. They believed that the Catholics would _____. In 1849 they formed the order of the Star-Spangled Banner which became known as the know-nothing party or ____. Nativists agitated for rigid restrictions on ____ and naturalization and for laws authorizing ____. They also promoted literature of exposure. Even uglier was the occasional ____. As early as 1839 a Catholic Convent near Boston was burned. These outbursts and intolerance remain unfortunate blot on the record of America's treatment of minority groups. Immigrants were undeniably making America a more pluralistic society, one of the most ethnically and racially varied in the history of the world. Episodes were not that frequent and violent. Most of that was because of the robustness of the _____. The growth of the economy in this year's attracted immigrants in the first place and ensure that once they arrived they could claim their share of American Wealth without _____. Their hands and brains helped _____. Immigrants and the American economy needed one another. Without the newcomers a predominantly agricultural United States might have been condemned to watch as the Industrial Revolution swept through Europe. A group of British inventors perfected a series of machines for the mass production of textiles. This harnessing of steam multiply the power of human muscles and ushered in the _____. It was accompanied by no less spectacular transformation and agricultural production and methods of ______. The factory system gradually spread from Britain to other lands. The American Republic was slow to embrace the machine. Mostly it was because land was cheap. Land-starved descendants of peasants were not going to keep themselves in smelly factories. Labor was generally scarce until _____. Money for investment Capital was not plentiful and America's Industrial Revolution awaited an influx of ____ which in turn a weighted Insurance of secure property rights, sufficient _____, adequate Workforce, and political stability. Without such Capital, _____ lay undeveloped, undiscovered, or unsuspected. The young country also had difficulty producing Goods on a high enough ____ and _____ enough to compete with mass-produced European products. Long-established British factories provided _____. The British also enjoyed Monopoly on the textile Machinery. Parliament enacted laws forbidding export of the machines or emigration of mechanics able to reproduce them. _____ has been a claim the father of the factory system in America. After memorizing the plans for the Machinery, he'd escaped to America where he won the backing of a capitalist in Rhode Island. Another mechanical genius, ____ made his mark. Within 10 days he built a machine called the _____ that was 50 times more effective than the handpicking process. Few machines have ever brought so wondrous to change. It affected not only the history of America but of the world. Almost overnight the cotton became highly profitable and the South was tied hand and foot to the throne of King Cotton. Human bondage have been dying out but the demand for cotton ____. South and North both prospered. Slave-driving Planters cleared more acres for cotton, pushing cotton West. Factories first flourished most actively in _____. The South could boast little manufacturing. Its capital was bound up in slaves, it's local consumers were for the most part _____. New England was favored as an industrial center for several reasons. It's ____ made farming difficult and Manufacturing attractive. A relatively dense population provided labor and ____, shipping brought in Capital, seaports made it easy to import raw materials and Export finished product. The ____ provided a bunch of water power to turn machines.

Germany; crop failures and other hardships; collapse of the democratic revolutions; body of Voters; Christmas tree; educated; kindergarten; art and music; preserve the language and culture; nativists; jobs; Roman Catholic; Protestant educational system; overcome the Protestants; American party; immigration; deportation; Mass violence; American economy; jeopardizing the wealth of others; fuel economic expansion; modern factory system; transportation and communication; immigrants began to pour in; foreign Capital; infrastructure; raw materials; quality; cheap; competition; Samuel Slater; Eli Whitney; cotton gin; brought back slavery; New England; desperately poor; Stony soil; accessible markets; rapid Rivers

In 1789 when the Constitution was launched, primitive methods of ____ were still in use. ____ commerce was slow and uncertain. Coaches and wagons lurched over roads and occasionally _____ while their wagons sank out of sight. Cheap and efficient carriers were imperative if raw ______ and finished products were to be _____. The promising Improvement came in the 1790s when their private company completed the _____ in Pennsylvania. It was a highway. As drivers approach they were confronted with a barrier of Pikes which were removed when they had paid their toll hands to turn Turnpike. The Lancaster Turnpike proved to be a ____ Venture. It attracted a rich trade to Philadelphia and turned off a ____. It also stimulated Western development. Western Road building encountered many obstacles. A big one was state writers who opposed ______. Westerners scored a notable Triumph in 1811 when the federal government started construction of the _____also known as the Cumberland Road. Although construction was interrupted by the war and by States writers complaints. The ____ craze which overlaped the turnpike craze was touched off by ambitious engineer named ____. He installed a powerful steam engine that came to be known as The Claremont. The success of the steamboat was Sensational. People could now enlarge degrees of wind, wave, tide, and downstream current. Within a few years, it changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries, ____ the carrying capacity. By 1860 there were 60 steamboats and by 1860 about 1000. Steamboat played a vital role in the _____. Population clustered among the banks of the streams. Cotton Growers and Farmers made Hast to take up and turn over the now profitable soil. Not only could they float their products out to the market they could ____. Resourceful New Yorkers themselves out the ____. They were blessed with the leadership of governor ____. widened economic Ripples follow the completion of the Erie canal. The ____ along the Route skyrocketed and ____ blossomed. Industry and the state Boomed. The new possibility of profitability farming in the old Northwest attracted thousands of European migrants. Waterside Villages exploded into mighty cities. Other profound economic and political changes followed the Canal's completion. The price of ____ in New York was cut in half and many New England Farmers abandon their Rocky buildings and went elsewhere. Some became _____, speeding the industrialization of America. Other stuck-up Farmland south of the Great Lakes. The transformations in the Northeast showed how long established local market structures could be swamped by the emerging Continental economy. As American Products began to flow into ______ even far-off Europeans begin to feel the effects of America's economic vitality. The most significant contribution to the development of such an economy proved to be the _____. It was fast, reliable, _____ and not frozen over in Winter. Able to go almost anywhere it defies terrain and weather. The first railroad appearance in the United States was in 1828. At first the railroad face strong opposition from vested interests especially ____. Anxious to protect its investment from the Erie Canal, the New York legislative prohibited the railroads at least temporarily. Early railroads were also considered a ______ for they could set fire to nearby houses and Haystacks. Railroad Pioneers had to overcome other obstacles as well. ___ were feeble that Engineers might miss the station twice. Arrivals and departures were conjectural and numerous differences meant _______. But Gauges gradually became standardized, better brakes did brake, and safety devices were adopted. Other forms of transportation and communication revising together the United States and the world's. A crucial development came in 1858 when _____ organized The Joint Anglo-American-Canadian venture to stretch a cable and during the _____. Although this cable went dead it permanently linked the American and European continents. American vessels had been repeatedly laid up by the Embargo and the panics. American Naval designers made few contributions to Maritime progress. In the 1840s and 50s the Golden Age dawned for American shipping. Yankee Naval yards began to send down the ways Sleek new craft called ____. They sacrifice cargo space for ____ and the captain's made cargoes in Record Times. They rested much of the tea carrying trade between the Far East and Britain, from their slow stealing British competitors. But the hour of Glory for the Clipper was brief. On the eve of the Civil War the British won the world race for maritime ascendancy with their iron steamers. The new story of Rapid American communication would compete without including the Far West. Even more dramatic was the ______. These unarmed Horsemen gallops on, summer or winter, day or night. Just at the Clippers had succumbed to steam, so were the express Riders on Horse by Samuel morse's _____ which began tapping messages. More than anything else the desire of the East to tap the West stimulated the ____. Until about 1830 the products of the western region drained ____ to the Cotton Belt or New Orleans. The steamboat aided in _____ of finished goods up the watery West and helped bind West and South together. But the truly revolutionary changes in Commerce and communication came in three decades before the Civil War as ____ were constructed. The builders succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. By the eve of the Civil War, a truly ____ had emerged. The principle of ____ applied on a national scale as well. Each region specialized in a particular type of economic activity. The south ____ for export to New England and Britain. The West grew ___ to feed Factory workers in the East. The East made ____ for the South and West. That economic pattern was woven and had fateful political and Military implications. Many southerners regarded the ____ as a silver chain that naturally linked together the Upper Valley States and the cotton Kingdom. They will become convinced that some or all of these states would have to succeed with them will or be strangled. No less revolutionary than the political upheavals of the Antebellum era was the ____ that transformed a substance economy of scattered farms and Tiny workshops into a national network of _____. _____ more robust market-oriented economy raise new legal questions about winners and losers. How tightly should patents protect inventions? Should the government regulate monopolies? Who should own the technology is the networks that made America hump? Under Chief Justice John Marshall the Supreme Court protected contract rights by requiring state governments to Grant ____. ____ easily developed as new companies found it difficult to break into markets. After Marshall died the climate began to change and the Winds of Economic Opportunity blue more freely. When their propriety Sebastian Charles River Bridge sue the owners of the Warren bridge for unconstitutionally violating their own contract the new chief justice, _____ sided with the newcomers and argued that the rights of the community outweighed any exclusive corporate rights. Taney's decision open to new intrapreneurial channels encouraged ____. Sits at the passage of more liberal State incorporation laws granting investors the benefit of limited liability. Has more and more Americans link that you cannot mistake to the market economy, the self-sufficient households of colonial days were transformed. Most families had once _____, spend their own wool, bartered with their neighbors for the few Necessities they could not make themselves. In growing numbers, they were now scattered to work for wages in the Mills or they plan to just a few props for sale at the market and use the money to buy goods made by strangers and far-off factories. A store-bought fabric, candles, and soap replaced homemade products a quiet revolution occurred in the household division of _____. Tradicional Woman's Work was _____. The home itself grew into a place of _____ that became increasingly the special and separate spheres of women. Revolutionary advances in manufacturing and transportation brought increased prosperity to all Americans but also widen the gulf _____. Millionaires have been rare but by that time of the Civil Wars several specimens of colonial financial success restraining across a national stage. Cities bread the greatest extremes _____. Unskilled workers fared worse. Many of them came to make up a floating massive Drifters but footed from town to town by shifting prospects for menial jobs. These workers accounted for at various times up to ____ for the industrial centers. Although their numbers were large they left a little behind them but the fruits of their labor. They're among the forgotten women and men of American History. Many myths about ___ grew up over the memories of these laborers. Mobility did exist in industrialized America but not in the proportions that Legend portrays. Yet America undoubtedly provided more opportunity than Old World. Moreover, a rising tide lifts all boats and improvements in overall standards of living real. Wages for unskilled workers Rose about 1%. This General Prosperity Health diffuse the ____ that might have exploded

travel; Waterborne; horses would drown In muddy pits; materials were to be transported to factories; delivered to customers; Lancaster Turnpike; highly successful; Turnpike building boom; federal aid to local project; National Road; steamboat; Robert Fulton; doubling; opening of the West and South; ship it at a low cost; Erie Canal; DeWitt Clinton; value of land; new cities; potatoes; Mill hands; International markets; railroad; cheaper than canals construct; Canal backers; dangerous public menace; Brakes; frequent changes of trains; Cyrus Field; Deep North Atlantic Waters; clipper ships; Speed; Pony Express; clacking Keys; transportation Revolution; South; reverse flow; canals and railroads; Continental economy; division of labor; bred cotton; grain and livestock; machines and textiles; Mississippi; market Revolution; industry and commerce; Mechanization; irrevocable Charters; Monopolies; Roger B. Taney; greater competition; raised all of their food; labor & Status; rendered and devalued; Refuge from the world of work; between the rich and the poor; economic inequality; half of the population; social Mobility; potential class conflict