chapter 14 apes

I, II, and III

A cost-benefit analysis done to investigate a proposed mine site would likely take which of the following into account? I. The medical costs of mine worker injuries II. The cost of environmental restoration of the site when it is shut down III. The value of the ore to be extracted from the mine I, II, and III I and III only II and III only II only I and II only

The student used a soil triangle to determine where the lines intersect for sand, silt, and clay for the soil sample.

A group of students wanted to determine if soil texture can vary by location. Several students brought in a sample of soil from their backyards. Each student added their soil sample of equal mass to a jar with exactly the same amount of water, shook the contents so that all soil particles were suspended in the water, and left the jars covered overnight. The next morning, the soil particles had settled out into layers and students could determine the percentage of each type of particle. The results of their soil test are shown below. A student claims that soil sample B would be classified as a loam. Which of the following best describes the method used by the student to reach this conclusion? The student added water to the soil sample and determined the amount of water required to saturate the soil. The student calculated the amount of soil mass lost overnight in each soil sample that resulted from the evaporation of the clay and silt. The student used a soil triangle to determine where the lines intersect for sand, silt, and clay for the soil sample. The student oven-dried the soil sample following separation and calculated the percent change in mass of the remaining sand and silt after the sample cooled.

soil samples taken from different locations

A group of students wanted to determine if soil texture can vary by location. Several students brought in a sample of soil from their backyards. Each student added their soil sample of equal mass to a jar with exactly the same amount of water, shook the contents so that all soil particles were suspended in the water, and left the jars covered overnight. The next morning, the soil particles had settled out into layers and students could determine the percentage of each type of particle. The results of their soil test are shown below. Which of the following describes the independent variable in this investigation? Addition of water to each soil sample Soil samples taken from different locations Time required for each soil sample to settle Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample

Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample

A group of students wanted to determine if soil texture can vary by location. Several students brought in a sample of soil from their backyards. Each student added their soil sample of equal mass to a jar with exactly the same amount of water, shook the contents so that all soil particles were suspended in the water, and left the jars covered overnight. The next morning, the soil particles had settled out into layers and students could determine the percentage of each type of particle. The results of their soil test are shown below. Which of the following describes the dependent variable in this investigation? Addition of water to each soil sample Time required for each soil sample to settle Soil samples taken from different locations Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample

Two of the samples were collected from an A horizon, and the others were collected from a B horizon.

A student group is involved in a restoration study of a nearby disturbed area. They decide to collect six soil samples and analyze them for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Two of the samples are found to be very high in C and N, but the other four samples are low in both. The students also notice that the color of the two soil samples that are high in C and N is very dark. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the data? Four of the samples were collected from an area that had been restored previously and now has thick vegetation. Two of the samples had more sand and gravel than the other four. Four of the samples were collected from an area that had been mulched. Two of the samples were collected from an A horizon, and the others were collected from a B horizon. Four of the sample sites had been treated recently with a chemical fertilizer.

rainwater seeps through spoils piles and produces sulfuric acid

Acid mine drainage occurs when ____. acid is used to remove rare earth minerals from mines rainwater seeps through spoils piles and produces sulfuric acid acid is used to detect low grade mineral ores naturally-occurring acids are uncovered during the mining process mines use acid to clean equipment

E

Area that exhibits island arcs. B E C D A

A

At which of the following sites does seafloor spreading result in rifts and possible volcanoes? B A D C

their fewer environmental regulations

China has lower costs for the mining of rare earth minerals because of ____. their larger deposits their low labor costs their fewer environmental regulations the proximity of their deposits to the earth's surface the accessibility of their minerals without subsurface mining

C

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. The location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary A D E C B

e

Forgot to include picture, click E Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. The location where one tectonic plate is being forced beneath another, creating a volcanic arc... c a e d b

Sandstone

Forms when existing rock is weathered and deposited as small grains. Sandstone Oil shale Leachate Igneous Metamorphic

Igneous

Forms when magma cools and hardens. Leachate Sandstone Metamorphic Oil shale Igneous

metamorphic

Forms when pre-existing rock is subjected to high temperatures, pressure, or chemicals. Metamorphic Igneous Oil shale Sandstone Leachate

cyanide leeching of crushed rock.

Gold is obtained from areas containing low concentrations through the process of subsurface mining. mining of near-shore sediments. smelting of high-grade ore. cyanide leeching of crushed rock. strip mining and mountaintop removal.

air pollution because smelting releases sulfur dioxide and particulates.

One big environmental problem with smelting is subsidence after ore mineral is removed from the land. a result of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 because much damage is done to the land during restoration. air pollution because smelting releases sulfur dioxide and particulates. it is very costly and results in increased taxes paid by local residents. shaft mining in which underground tunnels are built to reach minerals that could not be reached any other way.

A

Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. The intraplate location where hot-spot volcanism is occurring E D C A B

lack of new earth-moving equipment and mining techniques

Some analysts suggest we can increase supplies of some minerals by extracting lower grades of ore. Which factor would not limit the mining of lower- grade ores? environmental impact of increased land disruption lack of new earth-moving equipment and mining techniques increasing shortage of freshwater needed to mine and process ore pollution produced during the mining and processing of ore increased cost of mining and processing the larger volumes of ore

regrowth of vegetation where strip mining has occurred is very fast.

Strip mining is a useful and economic way to extract mineral resources. However, strip mining has all of the following harmful environmental effects EXCEPT biodiversity is destroyed in the area. streams around the area are polluted regrowth of vegetation where strip mining has occurred is very fast. toxic substances are left behind. air pollution around the area occurs.

sample d

Students sampled several different gardens near their school and measured the percentages of silt, sand, clay, and humus content present in each sample. Their results are shown in the table below. Based on the data in the table above, which of the following samples would be the most prone to becoming waterlogged? Sample C Sample A Sample D Sample B

soil with no grass

Students want to determine how vegetation affects soil erosion. They collect four soil samples of equal starting mass with different types of vegetative cover, as seen in the table below. Each sample is placed in a three-sided plastic dish that can drain into a beaker and is exposed to the same amount of consistent, steady rainfall for ten minutes. The water and soil runoff are collected in the beaker and separated. The average values for each sample are provided below. Which of the following is the control group for this experiment? Soil with dead grass Soil with mature grass Soil with newly sprouted grass Soil with no grass

The density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of the river

Students want to determine the impact of soil erosion from the development of new housing. They plan to measure the density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of a river that flows through their town. The town is built in a heavily forested area, but a large area of trees along the river was recently clear-cut to allow for the construction of a new housing development, which has caused exposed soil to wash into the river. The river flows north to south through the town and is still forested both up- and downstream of the town. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the study? The density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of the river A tract of land in a heavily forested area outside of town The flow rate of the river from north to south The tract of land that was clear-cut for the housing development

A sample of water collected just downstream of the northern forest

Students want to determine the impact of soil erosion from the development of new housing. They plan to measure the density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of a river that flows through their town. The town is built in a heavily forested area, but a large area of trees along the river was recently clear-cut to allow for the construction of a new housing development, which has caused exposed soil to wash into the river. The river flows north to south through the town and is still forested both up- and downstream of the town. Which of the following would be the best control sample for the study? A sample of water collected just downstream of the northern forest A sample of water collected just downstream of the southern forest A sample of distilled water A sample of water collected just downstream of the housing development

disturbs more land

Surface mining, when compared to subsurface mining, ____. causes subsidence disturbs more land is more dangerous. is more expensive produces less waste material

transform fault

Tectonic plates can move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture or fault at a boundary called a ____. divergent plate boundary transform fault subduction zone convergent plate boundary mantle fault

convection currents as a result of differences in mantle density.

Tectonic plates move slowly across the asthenosphere on ocean currents because the less dense material rises to the surface. plate boundaries because there is tectonic movement along all plate boundaries. ocean ridges because they are diverging plate boundaries. groundwater because it is always moving beneath the surface. convection currents as a result of differences in mantle density.

A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading.

The Atlantic Ocean is expanding as a result of plate tectonics. Which of the following explanations best identifies the type of plate boundary and processes occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, as shown in the diagram below? A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where one plate of oceanic crust is subducted beneath a plate made of continental crust, leading to volcanism. A transform plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates slide alongside one another, leading to underwater earthquakes. A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates of continental crust meet, leading to the formation of mountain ranges. A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading.

Divergent, such as between the African and Arabian plates

The North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart from one another and creating the Mid-Atlantic ridge. This is an example of what type of plate boundary? Subduction, such as along the West Coast of South America Divergent, such as between the African and Arabian plates Convection, which causes molten rock beneath the surface to move in opposite directions. Convergent, such as the plate movement that causes earthquakes in Japan and the Philippines Transform, such as the plate boundary in California that caused the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

10% Clay - 10% Silt - 80% Sand

The diagram below shows 100 ml of water being poured through a soil sample. After the water has passed through the soil, 98 ml of water is measured in the collection tray below the sample. Of the following, which is the most likely composition of the soil sample? 10% Clay - 10% Silt - 80% Sand 50% Clay - 40% Silt - 10% Sand 30% Clay - 40% Silt - 30% Sand 80% Clay - 10% Silt - 10% Sand 40% Clay - 50% Silt - 10% Sand

China

The majority of the earth's rare earth minerals are found in ____. China Canada United States Russia Saudi Arabia

The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.

The map shows the locations of known volcanoes and earthquakes. Which of the following explains what is being illustrated in the enclosed area in the northwest portion of the map? The enclosed area illustrates a transform boundary where two plates slide past one another, resulting in earthquakes of high magnitude in the Hawaiian Islands. The enclosed area illustrates a convergent boundary with earthquakes and possibly volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands. The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands. The enclosed area illustrates a rift valley leading to seafloor expansion near the Hawaiian Islands.

focus

The place where an earthquake begins is called its ____. magnitude focus epicenter start fault

decomposition

The rapid rate of this process in tropical forests results in low-nutrient soils Photosynthesis Transpiration Decomposition Denitrification Eutrophication

rock cycle

The slowest of the earth's cyclic processes is the ____. carbon cycle phosphorus cycle hydrological cycle rock cycle nutrient cycle

depletion time

The time it takes to use up a certain proportion of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate is referred to as the ____. depletion curve long term estimate depletion time strategic reserve life cycle

pesticide

The water-holding capacity of soil is LEAST likely to be affected by the addition of which of the following? Pesticide Manure Sand Humus Clay

Sulfur

This element in pyrite contributes to acid mine drainage. Sodium Potassium Carbon Phosphorus Sulfur

seismic waves

Vibrations caused when energy accumulated over time is released are called ____. tsunamis seismic waves glaciations fractures drift

Sand: 50%Silt: 20%Clay: 30%

What are the proportions of sand, silt, and clay for the soil at point U? Sand: 50%Silt: 20%Clay: 30% Sand: 55%Silt: 30%Clay: 15% Sand: 65%Silt: 25%Clay: 10% Sand: 70%Silt: 20%Clay: 10% Sand: 60%Silt: 30%Clay: 10%

price increases, which can encourage use of substitutes and resource conservation.

When a mineral resource becomes scarce, its virgin material increases and, after a short time, a new supply of the mineral will become available. environmental impact decreases because mining decreases when a mineral becomes scarce. price stays the same so the remaining minerals will be quickly purchased and the mining companies can begin to mine something else. demand goes down because fewer people are interested in buying a mineral that is becoming rare. price increases, which can encourage use of substitutes and resource conservation.

The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines

Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage? Increased water pollution from acid rain entering copper mines Reclamation of mines by removing excess water The use of acids to leach minerals from rocks to increase smelting efficiency The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines Acid production by anaerobic bacteria in coal mines

They recycle nutrients.

Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems? They store carbon dioxide. They remove heavy metals. They neutralize acid deposition. They recycle nutrients. They produce more oxygen than they consume.

The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast.

Which of the following statements best describes the boundary between the two tectonic plates seen in the map? The map illustrates a divergent boundary, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other, creating a rift valley. The map illustrates a subduction zone at the boundary, leading to the formation of long chains of volcanoes. The map illustrates a convergent boundary, where tectonic plates collide, and the North American Plate is sliding under the Pacific Plate. The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast.

A density gradient tube and a soil triangle

Which of the following would be most helpful to determine the soil texture of a sample? A quadrant and a transect line A density gradient tube and a soil triangle A soil core kit and a seismograph A pH meter and conductivity meter

A

Which of the lettered choices in the soil profile above represents the region with the greatest concentration of organic material? D A E C B

Point W

Which soil composition would be the best choice for lining a landfill? Point V Point W Point T Point X Point U

Subsurface mining uses less than one-tenth as much land.

Why does subsurface mining have less of an environmental impact than surface mining? Subsurface mining uses less than one-tenth as much land. Subsurface mining is guaranteed to produce less waste product. Subsurface mining does not produce any water pollution. Subsurface mining does not produce acid mine drainage. Subsurface miners are not exposed to air pollution.