Chapter 14 Brain & Cranial Nerves

Describe the structural and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

(14.5 Model Answer) The hypothalamus releases regulatory hormones into the capillary networks in the median eminence to increase or decrease hormone production and secretion from the anterior pituitary. Axons from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei extend through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary. Their cell bodies produce oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone, which through axonal transport these hormones are moved into the posterior pituitary where they are stored and released from the axon terminals.

In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage was seriously injured during an explosion on the job. A tapered metal rod ranging from 0.25 inches to 1.25 inches in diameter and over 3 feet long entered his skull just under his left cheek bone and exited through the top of his skull. The rod was found over twenty feet away. Amazingly, Gage lived even though he suffered massive damage to the left front of his brain. His personality and intellectual abilities changed, however. Before the accident, he was respected as a smart, capable and even-tempered man. After the accident, he was foul-mouthed and bad-tempered and could not make up his mind. In the years immediately preceding his death, he began to have epileptic seizures. Explain the changes observed in Mr. Gage based on your knowledge of the functional areas of the brain.

(14.7 Model Answer) The accident apparently damaged the frontal lobe and specifically the prefrontal cortex of the left side of Mr. Gage's brain. The frontal lobe is involved in memory and intellect. The prefrontal cortex is involved in judgment, ethics, and conscious. The changes Mr. Gage experienced indicate that the right side of his brain could not compensate for the losses on the left side of the brain. It is remarkable that the story doesn't mention that Mr. Gage lost some motor function on his right side since it is controlled by the primary motor region on left side of the brain. There is also no mention of loss of speech, which is largely processed on the left side of the brain. Perhaps the iron rod just missed those areas. As far as the epileptic seizures are concerned, it is possible that the accident damaged the basal ganglia to some degree. As he aged and lost connections between neurons that damage might have become more evident as the basal ganglia could no longer communicate effectively with the rest of the brain.

Anosmia may result from head injuries in which the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is fractured. This condition results in impaired function of which cranial nerve in the diagram? Number __________

1

You see a plate of fresh baked cookies. The aroma fills the air and your mouth begins to salivate. Biting in, it is delicious! Which cranial nerves are involved? Select all that apply and type the numbers in the box, in order, separated by a comma and a space. Number __________

1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10

Which cranial nerve in the diagram is involved with speech and swallowing and has a purely motor function? Number __________

12

Injury to which area would affect sensory impulses reaching the cerebral cortex? number __________

2

Which cranial nerve in the diagram has a somatic motor function primarily involved in moving the upper eyelid and eyeball and an autonomic function involved in iris muscle contraction? Number __________

3

Damage to which of the cranial nerves in the diagram would result in strabismus? Select all that apply and type the numbers in the box, in order, with a comma and a space between each number. Numbers __________

3, 4, 6

Which area contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing and hiccupping? number __________

4

In this diagram which major portion of the brain contains the cell bodies of neurons used to monitor movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum? number __________

5

The maxillary branch of which cranial nerve in the diagram would be anesthetized by dentists for upper jaw work? Number __________

5

Damage to which cranial nerve in the diagram will cause the inability of an eyeball to move laterally (be abducted) beyond the midpoint? Number __________

6

Left side face paralysis could result from damage to which nerve in the diagram? Number __________

7

Some antibiotics cause tinnitus and/or hearing loss. Which cranial nerve is affected? Number __________

8

Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid within the aqueduct of midbrain would result in the swelling of all ventricular spaces EXCEPT the __?__. A. 4th ventricle B. interventricular foramen C. 3rd ventricle D. lateral ventricle

A. 4th ventricle

Damaging which cranial nerve could decrease gastrointestinal secretions? A. Vagus B. Oculomotor C. Spinal accessory D. Trigeminal E. Facial

A. Vagus

Which type of brain wave occurs at regular intervals when a person is awake but not when a person is sleeping? A. alpha waves B. gamma rays C. delta waves D. theta waves E. beta waves

A. alpha waves

The __?__ are networks of capillaries that allow the __?__ to produce CSF. They are found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain. A. choroid plexuses; ependymal cells B. arachnoid villi; astrocytes C. microvilli; ependymal cells D. lateral apertures; microglia E. arachnoid granulations; astrocytes

A. choroid plexuses; ependymal cells

Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus? A. diencephalon B. brainstem C. cerebellum D. cerebrum E. mesenphalon

A. diencephalon

The right hemisphere exhibits greater activity for which functions? A. facial recognition and odor identification B. reasoning and memory C. speaking and tasting D. sensation of pain and tickle E. writing and singing

A. facial recognition and odor identification

Which portion of the cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance? A. flocculonodular lobe B. tentorium cerebelli C. vermis D. posterior lobe E. anterior lobe

A. flocculonodular lobe

Which lobe of the cerebrum is found deep to the other four lobes and thus cannot be observed from the surface? A. insula B. temporal C. frontal D. occipital E. parietal

A. insula

Which cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball? A. oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV) nerve, and abducens (VI) nerve B. olfactory (I) nerve, trigeminal (V) nerve, and vagus (X) nerve C. oculomotor (III) nerve, glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, and trigeminal (V) nerve D. optic (II) nerve, oculomotor (III) nerve, and trochlear (IV) nerve E. vagus (X) nerve, accessory (XI) nerve, and hypoglossal (XII) nerve

A. oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV) nerve, and abducens (VI) nerve

A patient shows no effect when a light shines in the right eye, but shining a light into the left eye causes both pupils (right and left) to constrict. This could be caused by a lesion on the __?__ nerve. A. optic B. trochlear C. abducens D. trigeminal E. oculomotor

A. optic

Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group that help control breathing? A. pons B. cerebrum C. thalamus D. cerebellum E. medulla oblongata

A. pons

A patient had damage to their frontal lobe leaving them unable to speak. What specific area was damaged? A. Wernicke's B. Broca's C. common integrative D. prefrontal cortex E. primary gustatory

B. Broca's

Which of the following conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum? A. projection tracts B. basal nuclei C. septum pellucidum D. association tracts E. commissural tracts

B. basal nuclei

The __?__ separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum along the __?__ plane. A. dural sinus; tentorium cerebelli B. falx cerebri; sagittal C. tentorium cerebri; coronal D. falx cerebelli; transverse E. tentorium cerebelli; oblique

B. falx cerebri; sagittal

The __?___ nuclei are found in the medulla oblongata and receive information associated with touch, pressure and vibration. A. inferior olivary B. gracile C. cuneate D. medial geniculate E. gustatory

B. gracile

Folia are to _?__ , as arbor vitae are to _?__. A. fissures; ventricles B. gyri; tracts C. nuclei; lobes D. sulci; septa E. lobes; hemispheres

B. gyri; tracts

Blood flows to the brain through the __?___ arteries and away from the brain through the ___?__ veins. A. vertebral; jugular B. internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular C. internal and external carotid; external jugular D. internal carotid; external carotid E. internal jugular; external jugular

B. internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main regions of the adult brain? A. cerebrum B. mesencephalon C. brainstem D. diencephalon E. cerebellum

B. mesencephalon

Which cranial nerve innervates more than one eye muscle? A. abducens (CN VI) B. oculomotor (CN III) C. optic (CN II) D. trigeminal (CN V) opthalmic branch E. trochlear (CN IV)

B. oculomotor (CN III)

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve that terminates in the nuclei of the pons? Sensory branches of the __?__ nerve A. mandibular B. optic C. maxillary D. opthalmic

B. optic

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for perception of touch, coldness and warmth? A. prefrontal cortex area B. primary somatosensory area C. Broca's area D. primary visual area E. primary motor cortex

B. primary somatosensory area

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for the ability to form words A. primary motor cortex B. common integrative area C. Broca's area D. gustatory nucleus E. primary somatosensory cortex

C. Broca's area

A boy has been reported to lack fear and not show any stress in dangerous situations. These symptoms suggest issues with which area of the brain? A. medulla oblongata B. parietal lobe C. amygdala D. occipital lobe E. frontal lobe

C. amygdala

An infant has hydrocephalus. The CSF could not get out of the third ventricle. What passage was blocked? A. dural venous sinuses B. central canal C. aqueduct of midbrain D. lateral aperture E. median aperture

C. aqueduct of midbrain

Cerebrospinal fluid passes through what structure in the midbrain as it moves from the third to the fourth ventricle? A. 3rd ventricle B. median aperture C. aqueduct of the midbrain D. lateral ventricles E. 4th ventricle

C. aqueduct of the midbrain

What are the fingerlike projections extending into the dural venous sinuses that reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid into the blood? A. dural sinuses B. microvilli C. arachnoid villi D. aperatures E. choroid plexuses

C. arachnoid villi

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called __?__. A. delta waves B. alpha waves C. beta waves D. tidal waves E. theta waves

C. beta waves

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain? A. cerebrum B. diencephalon C. brainstem D. mesencephalon E. cerebellum

C. brainstem

The central sulcus of the cerebrum separates the__?___, and the lateral fissure separates the ___?__ lobe. A. frontal lobe from the temporal lobe; occipital lobe from parietal lobe B. two cerebral hemispheres; frontal lobe from parietal lobe C. frontal lobe from the parietal lobe; temporal lobe from frontal D. temporal lobe from the occipital lobe; temporal lobe from parietal lobe E. parietal lobe from the temporal lobe; parietal lobe from frontal lobe

C. frontal lobe from the parietal lobe; temporal lobe from frontal

Hand preference when writing or throwing is an example of __?__. A. decussation of the pyramids B. split brain C. hemispheric lateralization D. cranial nerve damage E. primary motor cortex injury

C. hemispheric lateralization

Spinocerebellar tract axons carry sensory information into the cerebellum by the __?__. A. vermis B. middle cerebellar peduncle C. inferior cerebellar peduncle D. superior cerebellar peduncel E. folia

C. inferior cerebellar peduncle

A stroke patient has a lesion on their trigeminal ophthalmic branch. Which symptom would the patient exhibit? A. loss of the sense of smell B. loss of sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue C. loss of pain, temperature and touch sensation around the eye D. loss of taste sensation to the posterior part of the tongue E. paralysis of eye muscles

C. loss of pain, temperature and touch sensation around the eye

Which region of the brain is separated by the third ventricle and projects most sensory information to the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem? A. pons B. midbrain C. thalamus D. hypothalamus E. epithalamus

C. thalamus

Which cranial nerve is associated with nuclei in both the medulla oblongata and pons? A. 7 B. 9 C. 10 D. 8 E. 5

D. 8

One aspect of the blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed from processes of many __?__. The __?__ between the cells prevents many substances from crossing the BBB. A. oligodendrocytes; gap junctions B. ependymal cells; desmosomes C. dendritic cells; junctions D. astrocytes; tight junctions E. microglia; junction adherens

D. astrocytes; tight junctions

The periosteal and meningeal layer are parts of the __?__. A. spinal arachnoid mater B. spinal dura mater C. cranial pia mater D. cranial dura mater E. cranial arachnoid mater

D. cranial dura mater

Damage to which portion of the limbic system results in loss of memory of recent events and difficulty committing anything new to memory? A. cingulate gyrus B. amygdala C. globus pallidus D. hippocampus E. dentate gyrus

D. hippocampus

Which portion of the ventricular system is located in the cerebral hemisphere? A. 4th ventricles B. aqueduct of the midbrain C. superior sagittal sinus D. lateral ventricles E. 3rd ventricles

D. lateral ventricles

Which of the following is NOT controlled by the hypothalamus? A. reflexes related to smell B. emotional behavior C. body temperature D. maintenance of consciousness E. control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system F. hunger and thirst

D. maintenance of consciousness

A child riding a bike falls and hits their head. The child was not wearing a helmet. In the emergency room, cerebrospinal fluid taken during a spinal tap reveals blood. The doctors diagnosed the child had torn cerebral veins as they pass to the superior sagittal sinus. What area of the body was the fluid taken? A. lateral ventricles B. superior safittal sinus C. epidural space D. subarachnoid space E. subdural space

D. subarachnoid space

A baseball player is hit by a line drive on the temporal area of his skull. At the hospital the doctors give a CT scan which shows an accumulation of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid mater, creating pressure on the cerebrum. The hemorrhage from the fracture would be located in which space? A. epidural space B. subarachnoid space C. nasal sinus D. subdural space E. straight sinus

D. subdural space

Damage to which cranial nerve may result in death? A. oculomotor B. vestibulocochlear C. glossopharyngeal D. vagus E. facial

D. vagus

A patient with Wernicke's aphasia would exhibit what issues upon examination? A. Has difficulty pronouncing multi-syllabic words B. Has no expressions (negative affect) C. Is unable to recognize faces D. Can understand what is being said, but is unable to produce any words E. Production of slow, non-fluent speech devoid of meaning ("word salad")

E. Production of slow, non-fluent speech devoid of meaning ("word salad")

Which are areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere that are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements? A. olivary nuclei B. red nuclei C. pyramidal tract D. vestibular nuclei E. basal ganglia

E. basal ganglia

Which of these does NOT describe a function of cerebrospinal fluid? A. provide a shock absorbing fluid for the CNS B. maintenance of optimum ionic environment C. provide for the circulation of nutrients and wastes D. provide buoyancy and insulation of the brain E. circulation pathway for cells in the brain F. maintenance of the pH homeostasis

E. circulation pathway for cells in the brain

A gymnast on a balance beam would activate all but one of the listed areas of the medulla oblongata. Which one would NOT be activated? A. vestibular nuclei B. gracile nucleus C. pyramids D. inferior olivary nucleus E. gustatory nucleus

E. gustatory nucleus

Eating disorders may lead to extreme thirst and temperature variations. These symptoms may describe a dysfunction in the __?__. A. thalamus B. pons C. medulla oblongata D. midbrain E. hypothalamus

E. hypothalamus

A lesion on which structure would affect the acoustic "startle reflex?" A. pontine nuclei B. medial lemniscus C. inferior olivary nucleus D. superior colliculus E. inferior colliculus

E. inferior colliculus

Which area of the cerebrum is matched correctly with its function? A. primary visual area - relates past to present visual experiences B. Broca's area - interpretation of speech by recognizing spoken words C. primary motor area - smooth muscle contraction D. somatosensory association area - facial recognition E. primary somatosensory area - proprioception, pressure, tickle, pain

E. primary somatosensory area - proprioception, pressure, tickle, pain

During brain development, the gyri of the cerebrum are formed because __?__. A. the cerebral cortex folds to fit within the cranium B. the oligodendrocytes cannot myelinate neurons quickly C. the white matter enlarges faster than the overlying gray matter D. the tracts must be fully formed before gray matter can develop E. the gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter

E. the gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter