Chapter 14 criminal Justice
The investigative abilities of the police should be improved and made easier by the expansion of:
Community Policing
In the future, there may be no practical need for a separate juvenile justice process because:
juvenile offenders are being treated exactly the same as adult offenders in many situations
The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, which was signed by the United States and 123 other other countries in 2000, was the first international instrument against this type of crime.
True
There is no universally agreed-upon definition of "transnational organized crime."
True
Juvenile courts are currently:
all of the above
Why has transnational organized crime been so difficult for law enforcement agencies to address in Russia as late as the 1990s?
all of the above
Which of the following was NOT an important factor in the origins of transnational organized crime?
growing economic independence
Perhaps the thorniest issue with DNA technology is:
how the DNA database will be collected and used
Which of the following supporters maintain that a crafty lawyer may be able to win the freedom of a factually guilty client by means of a legal technicality?
Crime Control Model
Which of the following is NOT provided by the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime?
it allows member countries to relinquish their sovereignty or jurisdictional integrity to another country to foster the apprehension of transnational organized crime members
Approximately what percent of the identity-theft loses are borne by individuals (as opposed to business and financial institutions)?
10
In what year did Congress pass the identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act, making identity theft a federal crime?
1998
Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution will have to be respected and will no doubt set the outer limits of what corrections in the future might be?
8th
Your text names three possible ways in which future American criminal courts may be forced to adapt their routines and personnel to those changing demographics. Name these.
A greater sensitivity of court personnel to cultural diversity issues, An increased ability of court personnel to communicate effectively with non-English-speaking people. , A more culturally and racially diverse work force that better reflects the demographic characteristics of the population it serves.
Your textbook names several types of criminal justice technology that are currently on the drawing board. Name 5 of them.
A pocket-sized, voice-activated voice-stress analyzer that police officers could use to determine whether suspects or witnesses experienced stress during questioning, indicating possible dishonest answers (used like current polygraph machines), An ultra-small, two-way cellular phone (like a Dick Tracy wrist communicator), possibly implanted in officers' larynxes, that would allow police officers to be in constant contact with headquarters, fellow officers, or anyone around the world. , A "smart" gun that would electronically disable itself if taken away from a police officer during a struggle. ,A microwave device to shut off a car's ignition, stopping fleeing suspects without a risk of a high-speed chase. , A hand-held scanner that will allow remote body-cavity searches.
According to your textbook, which of the following crimes is likely to pose a special problem for law enforcement agencies and criminal justice at the dawn of the twenty-first century?
All of the above
How do some identity-theft victims want financial institutions to do a better job of preventing and detecting identity theft?
All of the above
What do identity-theft victims advise people to do to avoid identity-theft victimization?
All of the above
What do identity-theft victims want police to do what the problem?
All of the above
With which of the following has transnational organized crime groups financed all or part of their activities?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT smuggled by some transnational organized groups?
All of the above are smuggled
Which of the following is NOT a special problem that transnational organized crime poses for law enforcement?
All of the above are special problems
Which of the following does NOT describe the emotions or experience of a typical identity-theft victim?
All of the above describe the emotions or experience
If the crime control model dominates the future of the administration of justice, it is likely that ____ -following the few trials that occur- will be strongly discouraged and limited.
Appeals
If the future of law enforcement increasingly reflects the principles and policies of the crime control model, then you might expect:
Broader police discretion
According to the FBI's counter terrorism policy, terrorism and crime are separate phenomena.
False
Currently, transnational organized crime is mainly addressed at the international level, when it is dealt with at all.
False
Due process model advocates generally agree that prosecutors and judges can predict accurately which defendants actually pose a significant threat and which do not.
False
In the future, the types of cases routinely heard in criminal courts are likely to change somewhat, to reflect more strongly the problems confronted by the elderly.
False
Most identity-theft victims report the crime to the police
False
Today, the preliminary hearing is used mostly for testing evidence against the defendant
False
In practice, the ____ is a sham because it has become nothing more than a rubber stamp for the prosecutor.
Grand Jury
Your textbook names three general cost-reduction strategies for American corrections in the future. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
Having inmates guard each other
Which of the following is the largest international police organization in the world?
Interpol
Advocates of the crime control model consider _____ at any stage, other than perhaps at trial, a luxury and an unnecessary impediment to the efficient operation of the process.
Legal Representation
_____ is a dispute resolution process that brings disputants together with a third party who is trained in the art of helping people resolve disputes. The agreed- upon resolution is formalized into a binding consent agreement.
Mediation
Why is it unlikely that plea bargaining will ever be completely eliminated from the American court system?
Plea bargaining will probably not be eliminated entirely, even in a legal atmosphere dominated by due process model principles and policies, because the time and expense involved in subjecting every criminal case to a trial would be impractical and prohibitive.
Due process model advocates believe that the ____ is a critical stage in the administration of justice.
Preliminary Hearing
Which of the following is NOT a common technique used in identity theft?
Sneaky Peaky
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transnational organized crime groups, according to a recent survey by the United Nation's Centre for International Crime Prevention?
The majority of the groups have a strong social or ethnic identity
If the due process model dominates the administration of justice in the future, there will probably be no limitations on:
The right to appeal
Greater intrusions into people's lives will be facilitated by future advances in electronic surveillance.
True
Identity theft is a much larger problem than even the experts suspected
True
If the crime control model dominates the future, criminal courts will probably have to handle an increasing number of juvenile offenders.
True
It is conceivable that sometime in the future the entire juvenile justice system could be eliminated entirely.
True
Recent history demonstrates that increases in the use of alternatives to incarceration ____ the use of incarceration.
do not necessarily decrease
Today, more jurisdictions are ____ and using ____.
enacting mandatory sentencing statutes; sentencing guidelines
Perhaps the most divisive issue that will confront correctional policy makers in the future is whether increasingly scarce resources should be devoted more to ___ or to ___.
punishment; rehabilitation
Which of the following is a strategy in which disappointment is expressed for the offender's actions, the offender is shamed and punished, and there is a concerted effort on the part of the community to forgive the offender and bring him or her back into society?
reintegrative shaming
Participatory justice is a form of:
restorative justice
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transnational organized crime groups, according to a recent survey by the United Nation's Centre for International Crime Prevention?
the largest number of groups engaged in many different criminal activities
Which of the following is NOT one of the offenses criminalized by the protocols of the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime?
the manufacturing and distribution of illicit drugs
Which of the following types of identity theft is considered the most serious?
the misuse of personal information
Which of the following is NOT a way that high-level bilateral and multilateral assistance treaties have fostered increased cooperation among law enforcement agencies around the world?
they allow the law enforcement officers of one country to pursue fugitives in another country, to arrest them, and to return them to the country with original jurisdiction
With which of the following has transnational organized crime groups NOT been involved?
transnational organized crime groups have been involved in all of the above
