Chapter 14 Flashcards Part 1

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

5 Wars between 1521 and 1555 between France and the Hapsburgs France tried to keep Germany divided, which played an important role in retarding unification of the German states. Charles V was victorious over the league in 1547, but Lutheranism had spread across central Europe

Peasants War

A general rebellion of peasants in Germany (1524- 26). They were inspired by Luther's idea of freedom of the Christian and wanted to apply it to their position in society. Luther did not agree with the peasants, so he sided with the Catholic and Protestant princes and crushed the peasants.

Johann Eck

A theologian and defender of Catholicism; argued that the ideas of Luther and Jan Hus were similar. He gained victory over Luther in the Leipzig Disputation, largely due to his debating experience.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor; supporter of Catholicism and allied with the Pope; couldn't focus on his military solely Germany at a time that Protestantism was spreading vigorously

"priesthood of all believers"

Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position.

Philip Melanchton

Luther's friend that wrote the Confessions of Augsburg

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church and its selling of indulgences; the printing press facilitated the spread of Luther's work with astonishing speed

Johann Tetzel

Monk who was commissioned by Pope Leo X to raise money for the Church and was sent throughout northern Germany to sell indulgences; the selling of indulgences outraged Martin Luther and other critics of the Church and played a role in the start of the Reformation.

Swabian uprising, Twelve Articles

One part of the Peasants' War; as many as 100,000 peasants died overall. Representatives of peasants met and made these articles expressing their anger. It blamed religious lords and summarized the crisis of the 16th century. They complained about how nobles treated them poorly and heavily taxed them.

sale of indulgences

The selling of remissions of temporal punishment by the Roman Catholic Church due to sins which have already been forgiven to raise Church profit. The indulgence is granted by the church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution. The sale of indulgences was a major point of contention when Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation.

simony

The selling or buying of a position in a Christian Church.

Erasmus, In Praise of Folly

This man was the most famous northern humanist who wrote this work criticizing the immorality and hypocrisy of the church; Best seller- only bible sold more copies by 1550; Christian humanism in his emphasis on education as the key to a moral and intellectual improvement and inner Christianity; Expert on the Bible and Greek language

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Confessions of Augsburg

an attempted compromise of religous faith between Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HRE. The statement was rejected by the Catholic princes, but became traditional statement of the Lutheran Church. The statement included the ideas of salvation through faith alone, the bible as the sole authority and priesthood of all believers. It was written by Luther's friend, Philip Melanchthon

absenteeism

an official not participation in benefices but receiving payment and privileges. On of the corruptions in the Catholic Church

clerical ignorance

clergy was ignorant and illiterate in Latin; many preached in Latin that they couldn't read or understand

pluralism

clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each

nepotism

favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power, especially in business or hiring practices

Diet of Worms

series of imperial meetings (1521) at the bishop's palace at Worms in the Rhineland where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V. On 18 April Luther declared his final refusal to recant those doctrines, and on 26 May Charles V issued an imperial Edict condemning those doctrines

League of Schmalkalden

this was formed by newly protestant princes to defend themselves against Charles V's drive to re Catholicize Germany. They were allied with France (Catholic) who helped them fight to keep Germany divided. Charles V was victorious, but by this time, Lutheranism has already spread to central Europe and Charles V was forced to give up restoring Catholicism in Germany.