Chapter 14: Leadership
What does house's path-goal theory entail?
- A contingency model of leadership proposing that effective leaders can motivate subordinates to achieve goals by: 1. Clearly identifying the outcomes that subordinates are trying to obtain from their jobs. 2. Rewarding subordinates with these outcomes for high-performance and attainment of work goals. 3. Clarifying the paths leading to the attainment of work goals.
What is a charismatic leader?
- An enthusiastic, self-confident transformational leader able to clearly communicate his vision of how good things could be. - Being excited and clearly communicating excitement to subordinates. - Openly sharing information with employees so that everyone is aware of problems and the need for change.
What is the leadership substitute model?
- Characteristic of a subordinate or of a situation or context that acts in place of the influence of a leader and makes leadership unnecessary. - Members of an organization sometimes can perform highly without a manager exerting influence over them.
How do we go about influencing other in order to get them to do what you need them to do?
- Consideration: taking into account different factors (sweet) - Initiating Structure: for specifically defined tasks and responsibilities (task master)
What does fiedler's model entail?
- Effective leadership is contingent on both the characteristics of the leader and of the situation. - Leader style is a manager's characteristic approach to leadership - Deals with characteristics of a person and they situation that they're in.
What are the sources of managerial power?
- Expert - Referent - Legitimate - Coercive - Reward - Expert * Effective leaders take steps to ensure that they have sufficient levels of each that and they they use the power they have in beneficial ways. * Sources of power are very real and relevant.
What is House's path-goal theory?
- Focus: describes how effective leaders motivate their followers. - Key contingencies: the behaviors that managers should engage in to be effective leaders are contingent on the nature of the subordinates and the work they do.
What is Fiedler's contingency model?
- Focus: describes two leader styles, relationship oriented and task-oriented, and the kinds of situations in which each kind of leader will be most effective. - Key contingencies: whether a relationship-oriented or a task-oriented leader is effective is contingent on the situation.
What is the Leader substitutes model?
- Focus: describes when leadership is unnecessary. - Key contingencies: whether leadership is necessary for subordinates to perform highly is contingent on characteristics of the subordinates and the situation.
Leadership Models: What is a trait model?
- Focused on identifying personal characteristics that cause effective leadership. - Many "traits" are the result of skills and knowledge and effective leaders do not necessarily possess all of these traits. - Research shows that certain personal characteristics do appear to be connected to effective leadership. - It encourages behavior - Through trait model we look at what is effective in those leaders.
What are the moods of leaders?
- Groups whose leaders experienced *positive moods* had better coordination - Groups whose leaders experienced *negative moods* exerted more effort
What is emotional intelligence?
- Helps leaders develop a vision for their firm. - Helps motivate subordinates to commit to the vision. - Energizes subordinates to work to achieve the vision.
Leadership Models: What is the behavioral model?
- Identifies the two basic types of behavior that many leaders engaged in to influence their subordinates - *Consideration*: leaders show subordinates they trust, respect, and care about them Managers look out for the well-being of their subordinates Do what they can to help subordinates feel good and enjoy the work they perform - *Initiating structure*: leaders take steps to make sure that work gets done, subordinates perform their work acceptably, and the organization is efficient and effective - Managers assign tasks to groups and let subordinates know what is expected of them
What is the distinction between managers and leaders?
- Managers establish and implement procedures to ensure smooth functioning, while leaders look to the future and chart the course of the organization. - The challenge is for managers at all levels to develop and effective personal management style. - Leaders may delegate and support subordinates, while others are very authoritarian.
What is referent power?
- Power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect , admiration, and loyalty. - Possessed by managers who are likable and whom subordinates wish to use as a role model. *On exam: referent power comes from admiration.*
What is expert power?
- Power that is based on special knowledge, skills, and expertise that the leader possesses. - Tends to be used in a guiding or coaching manner. *On exam: becoming very skilled on a task -- employer will rely on you more.*
What is a leader?
- Someone who can exert influence over other people to help achieve group or organizational goals. - Someone who motivates, coordinates, and manages resources used to obtain outputs or goals that are established.
What is a personal leadership style?
- Specific ways in which a manager chooses to influence others. - Shapes the way that manager approaches the other principal tasks of management. -- Adaptive
What is coercive power?
- The ability of a manager to punish others. - Overuse of coercive power can even result in dangerous working conditions. - Examples: verbal reprimand, pay cuts, and dismissal. *Negative reinforcement might make you feel good in short-term, but it's a horrible motivator.*
What is leadership?
- The process by which a person exerts influence over others and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities to achieve group or organizational goals. - Effort we put into guiding and leading resources.
What is empowerment?
- The process of giving employees at all levels in the organization the authority to make decisions, be responsible for their outcomes, improve quality, and cut costs. - Empowerment increases a manager's ability to get things done, workers' involvement, motivation, and commitment. - Empowerment gives managers more time to concentrate on their pressing concerns. - A form on intrinsic motivation.
What is the contingency model?
- Whether or not a manager is an effective leader is the result of the interplay between what the manager is like, what she/he does, and the situation in which leadership takes place. - What makes a manager an effective leader in one situation is not necessarily what that manager needs to be equally effective in another situation - Adapt pretty well to changes in the workforce or whenever certain things need to get done
What is a servant leader?
A leader who has a strong desire to serve and work for the benefit of others.
What is intellectual stimulation?
Behavior a leader engages in to make followers be aware of problems and view these problems in new ways, consistent with the leader's vision.
What is behavior?
Behavior indicating that a manager trusts, respects, and cares about subordinates.
What is initiating structure?
Behavior that managers engage in to ensure that work gets done, subordinates perform their jobs acceptably, and the organization is efficient and effective.
Self-confidence
Contributes to managers' effectively influencing subordinates and persisting when faced with obstacles or difficulties.
* What are supportive behaviors?
Expressing concern for subordinates and looking out for their best interests.
* What are participative behaviors?
Give subordinates a say in matters and decisions that affect them.
Integrity and honesty
Help managers behave ethically and earn their subordinates' trust and confidence.
Knowledge & Expertise
Help managers make good decisions and discover ways to increase efficiency and effectiveness.
Maturity
Helps managers avoid acting selfishly, control their feelings, and admit when they have made a mistake.
High energy
Helps managers deal with the many demands they face.
Tolerance for stress
Helps managers deal with uncertainty and make difficult decisions.
Dominance
Helps managers influence their subordinates to achieve organizational goals.
*On exam*: Traits and Personal Characteristics Related to Effective Leadership: Intelligece
Helps managers understand complex issues and solve problems.
What is a transactional leader?
Leadership that motivates subordinates by rewarding them for high performance and reprimanding them for low performance.
What is transformational leadership?
Leadership that: 1. Makes subordinates aware of how import their jobs/roles are for the organization and how necessary it is for them to perform those jobs as best they can so that the organization can attain its goals 2. Makes subordinates aware of their own needs for personal growth, development, and accomplishment 3. Motivates workers to work for the good of the organization, not just for their own personal gain or benefit
What is developmental consideration?
Manager supports and encourages subordinates, giving them opportunities to enhance their skills and capabilities and to grow and excel on the job.
* What are achievement-oriented behaviors?
Setting challenging goals, expecting that they be met, and believing in subordinates' capabilities.
Path-goal leadership behaviors: * What are directive behaviors?
Setting goals, assigning tasks, showing subordinates how to complete tasks, and taking concrete steps to improve performance.
What is reward power?
The ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards. *Effective managers use reward power to signal employees that they are doing a good job.*
What is legitimate power?
The authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in an organization's hierarchy.
What are time horizons affected by?
They are also affected by cultures.
What are Japanese managers like?
They are more group-oriented, while U.S managers focuses more on profitability.
What are European managers like?
They tend to be more people-oriented than American or Japanese managers.