Chapter 14 Lipids
Why are LDLs called "bad" cholesterol?
"Bad" cholesterol is the cholesterol carried by LDLs that can form deposits in the arteries called plaque, which narrows the arteries.
What are some of the different kinds of lipids?
(steroids) (glycerophospholipids) (waxes) (fats) (oils)
Which of the following are found in cell membranes?
-are found in cell membranes carbohydratescholesterol -are found in cell membranes phospholipidsproteins
Which of the following are not found in cell membranes?
-are not found in cell membranes triacylglycerols -are not found in cell membranes waxes
Classify each of the following fatty acids as saturated, monounsaturated. or polyunsaturated.
-saturated acids stearic acidlauric -monounsaturated acids palmitoleic acid -polyunsaturated acids linolenic acid
Identify each of the following processes as hydrogenation, hydrolysis, or saponification and give the products: Choose the products of this process.
-the potassium salts of the fatty acids -glycerol
What is the function of the lipid bilayer in a cell membrane?
-to keep the cell contents separated from the outside environment -to allow the cell to regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Part 2 How does a trans fatty acid differ from a cis fatty acid?
. A trans fatty acid has a trans double bond with the alkyl groups on opposite sides of the double bond.
Describe the similarities and differences between triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids.
A triacylglycerol consists of (glycerol) and (three) fatty acids. A glycerophospholipid also consists of (glycerol), but has (two) fatty acids with the hydroxyl group on the (third) carbon attached by a phosphate bond to (phosphoric acid), which is attached by a phosphate ester bond to an ionized amino alcoho
Trans fats are produced during the hydrogenation of their unsaturated fatty acids.What is the typical configuration of the double bond in a monounsaturated fatty acid?
A typical monounsaturated fatty acid has a cis double bond
Describe some similarities and differences in the structures of a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid
All fatty acids contain a (long) chain of carbon atoms with a (carboxylic acid) group. Saturated fatty acids contain (only carbon-carbon single bonds); unsaturated fatty acids contain (one or more double bonds).
How do molecules of cholesterol affect the structure of cell membranes?
Because the molecules of cholesterol are large and rigid, they reduce the flexibility of the lipid bilayer and add strength to the cell membrane.
Are lipids polar or nonpolar molecules?
Lipids are nonpolar molecules
How does an anti-inflammatory drug reduce inflammation?
block the production of prostaglandins
Which of the following are steroid hormones?
cortisol estradiol testosterone
Identify the components contained in each of the following lipids: wax
fatty acid
Identify the components contained in each of the following lipids: triacylglycerol
glycerol fatty acid
Identify the components contained in each of the following lipids: cephalin
glycerol fatty acid phosphate amino alcohol
Identify each of the following processes as hydrogenation, hydrolysis, or saponification and give the products: Choose the products of this process.
glycerol linoleic acid
Identify each of the following processes as hydrogenation, hydrolysis, or saponification and give the products: The reaction of glyceryl trilinoleate from safflower oil with water and HCl
hydrolysis
What are some effects of prostaglandins in the body?
raise or lower blood pressure stimulate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle may cause inflammation and pain
Identify each of the following processes as hydrogenation, hydrolysis, or saponification and give the products: -The reaction of palm oil with KOH
saponification
Identify the components contained in each of the following lipids: estrogen
steroid nucleus
Among the ingredients of a lipstick are beeswax, carnauba wax, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and capric triglyceride. What types of lipids have been used?
waxes, triacylglycerols
