Chapter 14 physiological psych

What is anomia?

"without name" refers to a word-finding difficulty, primary symptom of all forms of aphasia. Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe an object, action, or attribute.

What is the arcuate fasciculus known for?

A bundle of axons that connect the two areas. This direct pathway from Wernicke's to Broca's (arcuate fasciculus) simply conveys speech sounds. Damage to this is what causes conduction aphasia.

What characterizes Wernicke's aphasia?

A form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech. If our brain operated as a dictionary then Wernicke's area would contain the spoken word and the association cortex would contain the definition.

What is direct dyslexia?

A language disorder caused by brain damage in which the person can read words aloud without understanding them.

What is the visual word-form area known for?

A region of the vusiform gyrus on the base of the temporal lobe that plays a crucial role in whole word recognition

What is apraxia of speech?

An impairment in the ability to program movements of the tongue, lips, and throat required to produce the proper sequence of speech sounds.

What characterizes Broca's aphasia?

Damage to the region of the inferior left frontal lobe, disrupts the ability to speak. A form of aphasia characterized by grammatism, anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation. The neural circuits around the Broca's area contains motor memories- memories of the sequences of muscular movements that are needed to articulate words. Possibly the memories of sequences of fine motor control of the speech is networked and or stored in this locaiton.have great difficulty with function words but manage to use content words quite well. Can comprehend much better then they can produce it.The seem to understand everything well

What is aphasia?

Difficulty in producing and comprehending speech not produced by deafness or a simple motor deficit; caused by brain damage.

What is conduction aphasia?

Inability to repeat words that are heard but the ability to speak normally and comprehend the speech of others. New words (heard in wernicke's area) cannot be sent to Broca's area for speech production and rehearsal. The connection to Broca's area sometimes receives relevant words but not the actual word spoken. This is because the meaning connection from Wernicke's to Broca's is a different path that is undamaged. Words that have meaning are passed along.

What is pure alexia?

Loss of the ability to read without loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage.

Articulation difficulties -

Patients mispronounce words , often altering the sequence of words. ex: "lipstick" may be pronounced "likstip"

Where is it located?

Region of the Auditory association cortex on the left temporal lobe of humans

Know what prosody is -

Regular rhythm and cadence associated with speech. It's how we give words stress or change or tone when asking a question. It's how we pause for commas to introduce another topic in the same sentence. Damage to Broca's area doesn't allow prosody, while damage to the Wernicke's area does not cause disruption to prosody. Your kidding! Are you kidding? I'm not sure, but are you kidding

What is Wernicke's area known for?

Suggested that this location is the area where memories of the sequences of sounds that constitute words are stored. Poor speech comprehension and and production of meaningless words.

What is dyslexia?.

Two types acquired=brain damage and developmental= when learning to read with no apparent damage

Explain the lateralization of verbal behavior-

Verbal behavior is a lateralized function; most language disturbances occur after damage to the left side of the brain, weather people are left handed or right handed. If the left hemisphere is malformed early in life then language dominance is very likely to pass to the right hemisphere. Right Hemisphere speech dominance

Phonological dyslexia

a reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable no words.( Very good with common words but have great difficulty with new irregular words. If the person has a good reading vocabulary they are ok.)

Surface Dyslexia

a reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but had difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by the whole-word method (The visual appearance of the word is confusing. Most words have to be sounded out. They are good with regular words that are common (hand, table, chin). But irregular spellings such as yacht, sew, and pint are extremely difficult to read with out sounding them out). Damage to the VWFA produces surface dyslexia.

What is pure word deafness?

ability to hear, speak, and (usually) read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernicke's area or auditory input to it. Imagine hearing someone talk correctly and knowing your hearing them correctly but not knowing the meaning of what you are saying!

Function words

are a preposition, article or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure (ex: a, the, some, in, about). .

What causes stuttering?

caused by abnormalities in neural circuits that are involved in feedback and planning and initiating speech.A speech disorder characterized by frequent pauses, prolongation of sound, or repetition of sounds, syllables, or words that disrupts the normal flow of speech. Appears to be influenced by genetic factors, affects 1% of population.

What is transcortical sensory aphasia?

difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaningful spontaneous speech, but can repeat speech

autotopagnosia -

inability to name body parts or to identify body parts that another person names

Content word

is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that conveys meaning (ex: apple, house, throw, heavy)

What is Broca's area known for-

necessary for normal speech production. gives us the ability to speak. . Where is it located? Inferior left frontal lobe

What is agrammatism?

One of the usual symptoms of Broca's aphasia; difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings and word order, lack of grammar. Don't use -ed,have do use -ing

phonetic Reading

When we see a word and don't recognize it and then we try to pronounce it - this is called phonetic reading.(ex: Trishiotemouschly) "sound reading"

whole-word reading-

When we see a word and recognize it and then try to pronounce it - this is called whole word reading (ex: train)Chair and CHAIR are two different whole words, Different shapes."sight reading"