Chapter 14 Questions
According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway?
2
You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of ATP, GTP, and UTP. How may artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?
27
A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be?
3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'
The anticodon loop of the first tRNA that will complement this mRNA is...
3' GGC 5'
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is...
3' UCA 5'
RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA
3' to 5' along the template strand
Given the locally unwound double strand, in which direction does the RNA polymerase move?
3'-->5' along the template strand
A peptide has the sequence NH2-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding stand of the DNA could code for this peptide?
5' TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC
Using the following figure, identify a 5'-->3' sequence of nucleotides in the DNA template strand for an mRNA coding fro the polypeptide sequence Phe-Pro-Lys
5'-CTTCGGGAA-3'
Which components of the previous molecule will also be found in the mRNA in the cytosol?
5'UTR E1 E2 E3 E4 UTR 3'
You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine truphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?
8
the pie chart represents the relative frequencies of the following in the human genome. which region is occupied by exons only?
A
based on the table, which virus meets the requirements for a bacteriophage
A (Dnase -, -)
In order for a eukaryotic gene to be engineered into a bacterial colony to be expressed what must be included in addition to the coding exons of the gene?
A bacterial promoter sequence
Which of the following DNA mutation is the most likely to be damaging to teh protein it specifies?
A base-pair deletion
Which of the following types of mutation resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the AUG start of translation is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?
A deletion of two nucleotides
Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does occur in eukaryotic gene expression?
A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end.
Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?
A triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG
The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group
ATP, RNA, and DNA
A part of the promoter called the TATA box is said to be highly conserves in evolution. Whcih of the following might this illustrate?
Any mutation in the sequence is selected against
based on the table, which virus meets the Baltimore requirements for a retrovirus
D (Rnase -, +)
which component is not directly involved in translation?
DNA
two potential devices that eukaryotic cells use to regulate transcription are...
DNA methylation and histone modification
Which of the following provides some evidence that RNA probably evolved before DNA?
DNA polymerase uses primer, usually made of RNA
Gene expression in the domain Archea in part resembles that of bacteria and in part that of the domain Eukarya. In which way is it most like the domain Eukarya?
Domain Archea has numerous transcription factors
the pie chart represents the relative frequencies of the following in the human genome. which region includes Alu elements and LI sequences
E
Where does tRNA #2 move to after this bonding of lysine to the polypeptide?
E site
What is the function of GTP in translation?
GTP energizes the formation of the initiation complex, using initiation factors
which of the three types of viruses shown would you expect to include glycoproteins
I and II only (I=10-90nm) (II=80-200nm)
The "universal"genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this can be found if which of the following is true?
If UGA, usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid, such as tyrtophan
Which of the following is a function of a ply-A tail signal sequence?
It codes for a sequence in eukaryotic transcripts that signals enzymatic cleavage 10-35 nucleotides away
Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA box in eukaryotics promoters?
It isthe recognition site for a specific transcription factor
RNA polymerase in a prokaryote is composed of several subunits. most of these subunits are the same for the transcription of any gene, but one, known as sigma, varies considerably. Which of the following is the most possible advantage for the organism of such variability in RNA polymerase?
It might allow the polymerase to recognize different promoters under certain environmental conditions.
why might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the level of a proteins acitivity?
It might substitute a different amino acid in the active site
During splicing, which molecular component of the spliceosome catalyzes the excision reaction?
RNA
the phenomenon in which RNA molecules in a cell are destroyed if they have a sequence complementary to an introduces double-stranded RNA is called
RNA interference
In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein?
RNA polymerase II
for a repressible operon to be transcribes, which of the following must occur?
RNA polymerase must bind to the promoter, and the repressor must be inactive.
Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript.
which of the following techniques involves reverse transcriptase, PCR amplification, and gel electrpphoresis
RT-PCR
In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly-A tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?
The molecule is digested by exonucleases because it is no longer protected at the 5' end.
The figure represents tRNA that recognizes and binds a particular amino acid. Which codon on the mRNA strand codes for this amino acid?
UUC
A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is...
UUU
the first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. why?
X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns
Of the following, which is the most current descsription of a gene?
a DNA seuqnece that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide
Which small mutation would be most likely to have a ctastrophic effect on the functioning of a protein?
a base deletion near the start of the gene
which of the following is most likely to have a small protein called ubiquitin attached to it
a cyclin that usually acts in G1, now that the cell is in G2
which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle
a large number of phages are released at a time
a recent study compared the H. sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals... the data that suggested this were
a number of modern H. sapiens with Neanderthal seuqneces
The most common occuring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in...
a polypeptide missing an amino acid
in recent times, it has been shown that adult cells can be induced to become... what has been done to the adult cells?
a retrovirus is used to introduce four specific regulatory genes
which of the following best describes siRNA
a short double-stranded RNA, one of whose strands can complement and inactivate a sequence of mRNA
When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are directed to the ER membrane by...
a signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane
Which of the following mutations is most likely to cause a phenotypic change
a single nucleotide deletion in an exon coding for an active site
Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?
a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence
which of the following mechanisms is used to coordinate the expression of multiple, related genes in eukaryotic cells?
a specific combination of control elements in each gene's enhancer coordinates the simultaneous activation of the genes
which of the following is the best predictor of how much damage a virus causes
ability of the infected cell to undergo normal cell division
which of the following problems with animal cloning might result in premature death of the clones
abnormal gene regulation due to variant methylation
if a drosophila female has a homozygous mutation for a maternal effect gene,....
all of her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, regardless of their genotype
let us suppose that someone is successful at producing induced pluripotent stem cells... which of the following could still be problematic
all of them
which of the three types of viruses shown would you expect to include a capsid
all three
allolactose, an isomer of lactose, is formed in small amounts from lactose. An E. coli cell is presented for the first time with the sugar lactose as a potential food source. Which of the following occurs when the lactose enters the cell?
allolactose binds to the repressor protein
DNA microarrays have had a huge impact on genomic studies because they...
allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in a genomes to be compared at once
altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely serve the organism's survival in which of the following ways?
allowing the organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions
in response to chemical signals, prokaryotes can do which of the following?
alter the level of production of various enzymes
two eukaryotic proteins are identical except for one domain in each protein, and these two domains are completely different from each other. which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this difference?
alternative splicing
What is a ribosome?
an RNA with enzymatic activity
A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?
an accumulation of A and no production of B and C
which of the following series best reflect what we know about how the flu virus moves between species
an animal such as a pic is infected with more than one virus, genetic recombination occurs, the new virus mutates and is passed to a new species such as a bird, and the virus mutates and can be transmitted to humans
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following would you be able to isolate?
an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site
the bicoid gene product is normally localized to the anterior end of the embryo... which of the following would occur?
anterior structures would form in both sides of the embryo
viral envelopes can best be analyzed with which of the following techniques
antibodies against specific proteins not found in the host membranes
When the spliceosome binds to this transcript, where can it attach?
at certain sites along an intron
if she moves the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the beta.... which of the following would be likely
beta galactosidase will not be produces
in eukaryotes, general transcription factors...
bind to other protein or to a sequence element within the promoter called the TATA box
The role of a metabolite that controls a repressible operon is to...
bind to the repressor protein and activate it
steroid hormones produce their effects in cells by...
binding to intracellular receptors and promoting transcription of specific genes
Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a plupeptide depends on specifity in the..
bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs
how might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another
by chromosomal translocation
Alternative RNA splicing
can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA
tumor-suppressor genes...
can encode proteins that promote DNA repair or cell-cell adhesion
since watson and crick described DNA in 1953, which of the following might best explain why the function of small RNAs is still being explaines
changes in technology as well as our ability to determine how much of the DNA is expressed have now made this possible
the movement of these blocks suggest that...
chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes
which procedure is not required when the shotgun approach... in which many small fragments are sequenced simultaneously
cloning each fragment into a plasmid
which of the following most correctly describes the whole-genome shotgun technique for sequencing a genome
cloning fragments from many copies of an entire chromosome, sequencing the fragments, and then ordering the sequences.
reproductive cloning of human embryos is generally considered unethical. however, on the subject of therapeutic cloning there is a wider divergence of opinion. which of the following is a likely explanation
cloning to produce embryonic stem cells may lead to great medical benefits for many
a genetic test to detect predisposition to cancer would likely examine the APC gene for involvement in which types of cancer
colorectal only
The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is...
complemetory to the corresponding mRNA codon
what would occur if the repressor of an inducible operon were mutated so it could not bind the operator?
continuous transcription of the operon's genes
a mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in...
continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator
in many ways, the regulation of the genes of a particular group of viruses.. which of the following would you expect of the genes on the bacteriophage
control of more than one gene in an operon
which of the following accounts for someone who has had a... getting flare-ups for the rest of his or her life
copies of the herpersvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei
a lack of which molecule would result in the cell's inability to "turn off" genes?
corepressor
why might the cricket genome have 11 times as many base pairs as that of
crickets must have more noncoding DNA
a microarray known as a GeneChip... what kind of information might be gleaned from this GeneChips to aid in cancer prevention
data that could alert patients to what kind of cancer they were likely to acquire
in positive control of several sugar-metabolism-related operons, the catabolite activator protein (CAP) binds to DNA to stimulate transcription. what causes an increase in CAP?
decrease in glucose and increase in cAMP
in one set of experiments she succeeded in decreasing.. which of the following results would she most likely see
decreased chromatin condensation
in one set of experiments using this procedure she was readily.. which of the following results would she most likely see
decreased chromatin condensation
several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but as different times in development. what mechanism could allow for this
differential gene regulation over time
the fact that plants can be cloned from somatic cells demonstrates that
differentiated cells retain all the genes of the zygote
when does exon shuffling occur
during meiotic recombination
A frameshift mutation could result from...
either an insertion or a deletion of a base
in animals, embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells in that
embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells
homeotic genes...
encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures
genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of...
epigenetic phenomena
gene expression might be altered at the level of post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes rather than prokaryotes because of which of the following
eukaryotic exons may be spliced in alternative patterns
two eukaryotic protein have on domain in common but are otherwise very different. which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?
exon shuffling
Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?
exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus
muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they
express different genes
in a genome-wide expression study using a DNA microarray assay, each well is used to detect the...
expression of a specific gene by a cell
in 1997, dolly the sheep was cloned. which of the processes was used
fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with and enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate
The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume which of the following?
gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism.
in colorectal cancer, several genes must be mutated in order to... which of the following kinds of genes would you expect to be mutated
genes involved in control of the cell cycle
a multigene family is composed of
genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication
which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans
getting vaccinated
forms of the Ras protein found in tumors usually cause which of the followin
growth factor signaling to be hyperactive
if you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to...
have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription
mutations in which of the following genes leas to transformations in the identity of entire body parts
homeotic genes
in the figure, at the arrow marked II, what enzyme are being utilized
host cell DNA polymerase
which of the following is a representation of gene density
humans have 20,000 genes in 2,900 Mb
What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?
hydrogen bonding between base pairs
one of her colleagues suggested.. which of the following results would she most likely see
inactivation of the selected genes
Suppose that exposure to a chemical mutagen results in a change in the sequence that alters the 5' end of intron 1 (I1). What might occur?
inclusion of I1 in the mRNA
Which of the following, when taken up by the cell, binds to the repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator?
inducer
most repressor proteins are allosteric. Which of the following binds with the represser to alter its conformation?
inducer
antiviral drugs that have become useful are usually associated with which of the following properties
interference with viral replication
What is the function of the release factor (RF)?
it binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA
there is a mutation in the repressor that results in a molecule known as a super repressor because it represses the lac operon permanently. which of these would characterize such a mutant
it cannot bind to the inducer
Which of the following is not true of a codon?
it extend from one end of a tRNA molecule
What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?
it introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA
which of the following is characteristic of the product of the p53 gene
it is an activator for other genes
which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true
it is the same as the DNA in one of your kidney cells
what is the function of reverse transcripts in retroviruses
it uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material
it would contain sequences representing all the genes in the genome
If a newly made polypeptide is to be secreted from a cell, what must occur before it is secreted?
its signal seuqence must target it to the ER, after which it goes to the golgi
in order to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans, what might be the most reasonable approach?
look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species, prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species, and look for the consequences
apoptosis involved all but which of the following
lysis of the cell
A eukaryotic transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that...
many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in eukaryotic DNA
What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence?
met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
when DNA is compacted by histones into 10-nm and 30-nm fibers, the DNA is unable to interact with protein required for gene expression. therefore, to allow for these proteins to act, the chromatin must constantly alter its structure. which processes contribute to this dynamic activity?
methylation and phosphorylation of histone tails
during DNA replication...
methylation of the DNA is maintained because methylation enzymes act at DNA sites where one strand is already methylated and thus correctly methylates daughter strands after replication
If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain that is mutant for the gene-encoding enzyme A would be able to grow on which of the following media?
minimal media supplemented with nutrient B only
If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain mutant for the gene-encoding enzyme B would be capable of growing on which of the following media?
minimal media supplemented with nutrient C only
What component of the complex describes enters the exit tunnel through the large subunit of the ribosome?
newly formed polypeptide
in the microarray shown, if you were searching for genes whose expression was inhibited by hormone treatment, you would search for sequences spotted on the array that showed........ fluorescence
no
of the lines that express the transgene.. which of the following is a likely explanation
no AUG in any frame
at the beginning of this century there was a general announcement.... that the number of protein-coding sequences was much smaller than they had expected. Which of the following could account for most of the rest
non-protein0coding DNA that is transcribes into several kinds of small RNAs with biological function
in humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin.. this is due to...
nonidentical genes that produce different versions of globins during developement
absence of bicoid mRNA from a drosophila egg leads to the absence.. this is evidence that the product of the bicoid gene
normally leads to formation of head structures
when new viruses are being assembled, what mediates the assmebly
nothing, they self-assemble
Suppose that an error in transcription alters the formation of a single tRNA molecule in a cell. The altered tRNA still attaches to the same amino acid )Phe), but its anticodon loop has the sequence AAU, which binds to the mRNA codon UUA. What will be the effect on translation in this cell?
one altered tRNA molecule will be relatively inconsequential because it will compete with many "normal" ones.
which of the following is most closely identical to the formation of twins
organismal cloning
transcription factors in eukaryotes usually have DNA binding domains as well as other domains that are also specific for binding. in general, which of the following would you expect many of them to be able to bing?
other transcription factors
your brother has just purchased a new plastic model airplane... his actions are analogous to which process in development
pattern formation
researchers are looking for better treatments for breast cancer. the researchers will be looking for a...
pattern shared among some or all of the samples that indicates gene expression differing from control samples
pax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates... information suggests which of the following
pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry
embryonic lethal mutations result in
phenotypes that are never born/hatched
among the newly discovered small noncoding RNAs, one type reestablishes methylation patterns during gamete formation and blocks expression of some tansposons. These are known as...
piRNA
the process of translation, whether in prokaryotes or eukaryotes, requires tRNAs, amino acids, ribosomal subunits, and which of the following?
polypeptide factors plus GTP
The dipeptide that will form will be...
proline-threonin
A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of the normal phenylalamine. The consequence of this for the cell will be that...
proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU
proto-oncogenes can change into ocnogenes that cause cancer. which of the following best explain the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells
proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division
the cancer-causing forms of the Ras protein are involved in which of the following processes
relaying a signal from a growth factor receptor
Which of the following experimental procedures is most likely to hasten mRNA deegradation in an eukaryotic cell?
removal of the 5' cap
Suppose that an induced mutation removes most of the 5' end of the 5' UTR. What might result?
removal of the 5'UTR also removes the 5' cap, and the mRNA will quickly degrade
why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rated of mutation
replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading
which of the following is a protein produced by a regulatory gene?
repressor
which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis
retroviruses
which of the following genes map out the basic subdivisions along the anterior-posterior axis of the drosophila embryo
segmentation genes
which of the following can be duplicated in a genome
sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes
what is metagenomics
sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem
In eukaryotic cells, transcirption cannot begin until...
several transcirption factors have bound to the promoter
Trnascription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?
several transcription factors
transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operon
starts when the pathway's substrate is present
one way scientists hope to use recent knowledge.. which would you expect to gain most from RNAs
targeting siRNAs to disable the expression of an allele associated with autosomal dominant disease
homeotic genes contain a homebox sequence that is highly conserved among... which of the following would you then expect
that homeotic genes are selectively expressed over developmental time
if a particular operon encodes enzymes for making an essential amino acid and is regulated like the trp operon, then
the amino acid acts as a corepressor
The tRNA shown has its 3' end projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?
the amino acid bonds covalently
An experimenter has altered the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methianine in such a way as to remove the 3' AC. Which of the following hypotheses describes the most likely result?
the amino acid methionine will not become covalently bound
the product of the bicoid gene in drosophila provides essential information about...
the anterior-posterior axis
which of the following represents another example of the same phenomenon as that shown
the apparent centric fusion between two chromosome pairs of primates such as chimps to form the ancestor of human chromosome 2
what is bioinformatics
the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data
a researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. which of the following is a likely finding
the cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. in contrast, chimpanzees have 24 pairs of chromosomes.. what is the most likely explanation for these difference in the human and chimpanzee genomes
the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees has 24 pairs of chromosomes, and at some point in the human lineage, two chromosomes fused end to end, providing some selective advantage
the lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when...
the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell
In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell, which of the following is true only of replication?
the entire template molecule is represented in the product
if she moves the repressor gene (lac 1)... which will you expect to occur?
the lac operon will function normally
which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes big mortality in its host
the newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal
the comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusion, including that
the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes
what characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA figerprinting
the number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal
what is considered to be the first evidence of differentiation in the cells of an embryo
the occurrence of mRNAs for the production of tissue-specific proteins
which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage?
the phage genome replicates along with the host genome
a researcher lyses a cell that contains nucleic acid molecules.. which of the following would be expected to occur
the plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection
cell differentiation always involves
the production of tissue-specific proteins, such as muscle actin
the host range of a virus is determined by
the proteins on its surface and that of the host
in addition, she finds what other evidence of this single-stranded RNA piece's activity?
the rate of accumulation of the polypeptide encoded by the target mRNA is reduced
which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control of gene expression
the removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons
There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that...
the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible
Which of the following is the first event to take place in translation in eukaryotes?
the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA
if she moves the operator to the far end of the operon... which of the following would likely occur when the cell is exposed to lactose?
the structural genes will be transcribed continuously
what is protenomics
the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome
which of the following is a likely explanation for the lack of transgene expression in the fifth cell line?
the transgene integrated into a heterochromatic region of the genome
BRCA1 and BRAC2 are considered to be tumor-suppressor genes because...
their normal products participate in repair of DNA damage
in animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning
therapeutic cloning supplies cells for repair of diseased or injured organs
Then the genome of a particular species is said to include 20,000 protein-coding regions, what does this imply?
there are also genes for RNAs other than mRNA
Which of the following is true of transcription in domain Archea?
there is only one kind of RNA polymerase
unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome... if this mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?
there should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore
which of the following describes plant virus infections
they are spread via the plasmodesmata
which of the following statements describes proto-oncogenes
they can code for protein associated with cell growth
which of the following is true of embryonic stem cells but not of adult stem cells
they can give rise to all cell types in the organism
one of the characteristics of retrotransposons is that...
they code for an enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an RNA template
When the spliceosome binds elements of this structure, where can it attach?
to the end of an intron
In the transcription event of the previous DNA, where would the promoter be located?
to the right of the template strand
Which of the following is a function of a signal peptide?
to translocate polypeptides across the ER membrane
the functioning of enhancers is an example of...
transcriptional control of gene expression
Which of the following statements is true about protein synthesis in prokaryotes?
translation can begin while transcription is still in progress
The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is...
turned off whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium
Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct wooly mammoths, amplified, and sequences. these can now be used to...
understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa
bioinformatics includes all of the following except...
using molecular biology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube
the difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses is that
vertical transmission of a virus from a parent plant to its progeny, and horizontal transmission is one plant spreading the virus to another plant
most molecular biologists thing that viruses... which of the following observations supports this theory
viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell
In the 1920s Muller discovered that X-rays caused mutation. Why do we test for its ability to induce mutation?
we want to prevent any increase in mutation frequency
you are given an experimental problem involving control of a gene's expression... which of the following might best give you an answer?
you measure the quantity of the appropriate pre-mRNA in various cell types and fins they are all the same
