Chapter 14 Section 4
2. (a) What were the goals of the Catholic Reformation? (b) Did it succeed? Explain your answer
The Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation was intended to fight back against the Protestant Reformation: to reform and strengthen the Catholic Church against this great Protestant threat, partly by purging itself of the corruption and questionable practices that had given rise to the Protestant Reformation in the first place. To some extent, it did succeed in reaching that goal, but the Protestant "monster" was out of the box and could never again be put back in.
3. (a) Why did persecution increase during the Reformation? (b) Which groups faced the greatest persecution?
The Jews had to convert or executed, many lived in ghettos and the witchies hunting, between 1450-1750 tens of thousands died
Book of Common Prayer
(1549) written by Thomas Cranmer, one of King Henry VIII spiritual advisers in the break with the Roman Church, this book was imposed on all English churches with the installation of King Edward VI's Act of Uniformity. A revised addition was imposed with the Second Act of Uniformity, along with a 42-article confession of faith by Cranmer, that helped establish a moderate Protestant doctrine in England.
Council of Trent
1545—Council of Trent established the reform direction. 20 years of meetings. Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views. Salvation comes through faith and good works and said the Bible is not the only source. Took steps to end abuses in the church. Penalities to clergy for worldliness and corruption. Established schools to educate the clergy
Henry VIII
Became king of England at 17 in 1509. Church named him "defender of the faith" for opposing Lutherans. Henry VIII's Catherine of Aragon bears him her only child Mary. English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
Inquisition
Church court set up during the Middle Ages Pope Paul III strengthened the Inquisition Used testimony, torture, and execution to punish heresy. Prepared the Index of Forbidden Books which is a list of works considered to be too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read. Forbidden Books included books by Luther and Calvin
Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius de Loyola (1534), they were a religious order that spread Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation. Taught that good Catholics should deny themselves without question to higher church authority and spiritual direction. Perfect discipline and self-control were essential condition of such obedience, they believed.
1. (a) Describe the steps by which England became a Protestant country. (b) How did England's experience differ from that of the German States?
Henry VIII asked the Catholic pope to annul his marriage from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn. He had a daughter with Catherine, but wanted a male heir. The pope said no so Henry decided to take over the Church of England. He had a series of laws passed through Parliament. The church was placed under Henry's rule away from the pope. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy made Henry "the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England". Many Catholics who refused to accept the Act of Supremacy were executed for treason.
St. Teresa of Avila
Important Spanish nun who had mystical visions. She was a Catholic reformer / writer who encouraged a contemplative life through mental prayer. Importance/Example of: The new emotionalism/piety of the Catholic Reformation. Catholics were getting as "fired up" as Luther/Calvin but staying faithful to the Church.
Anabaptist
believed only adults could make free choice about religious faith. Believed no scriptural basis for baptism. Never forced beliefs on others. Influencial because Cath church is preaching to farmers.
Mary Tudor
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558
Elizabeth I
ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.; Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boylen
Ghetto
separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live.
Catholic Reformation
the response to the Protestant Reformation. Catholic churches willing to reform in order to win back Protestants to their side. Began with the Council of Trent in 1545. The Roman Inquisition was born, in which those who were believed to be heretic were brought in and brutally questioned.
Annul
to cancel