Chapter 14- Social Psychology

ingroup

"Us"- people with whom we share a common identity

outgroup

"them"- those perceived as different or apart from our group

interpretation

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, emotions such as passionate love consist of physical arousal plus our ______ of that arousal.

lower

After US schools were desegregated and the 1964 Civil RIghts act was passed, white Americans expressed _____ levels of racial prejudice.

4

Among inmates convicted of violent offenses, ____ in 10 had been drinking at the time

alcohol

Another substance that sometimes circulates in the blood stream- _______- unleashes aggressive responses to frustration.

true

If people in a country intensely dislike the leaders of another country, their country is more likely to produce terrorists attacks against that country

Zimbardo

In 1972, _________ created the Stanford prison simulation in which male college students were assigned the role of prisoners or guards. The guards took on bad attitudes and the prisoners broke down, rebelled, or became passively resigned. The experiment was called off after 6 days. It was said "when ordinary people are put in a novel, evil place, such as most prisons, situations win, people lose.

true

In Milgram's experiments, women obeyed at rates similar to men.

authority, depersonalized, defiance

In Milgram's shocking experiment, obedience was highest when: 1. the person giving orders was close at hand and perceived to be a legitimate _____ figure 2. the authority figure was supported by a respected, well-known institution 3. the victim was ______ or at a distance, even in another room 4. there were no role-models for _____

frustrated, home run

In an analysis of 27,677 hit by pitch incidents between 1960 and 2004, it was revealed that pitchers were most likely to hit batters when 1. they had been ____ by the previous batter hitting a home run 2. the current batter hit a _____ the last time at bat 3. a teammate had been hit by a pitch in the previous half inning

93

Milgram found that when he asked 40 men to administer the learning test while someone else did the shocking, ____% complied

action

Moral _____ strengthen moral conviction

need, deserve, similar, woman, helpful, guilty, preoccupied, mood

Observations of behavior in thousands of situations show that the best odds of our helping someone occur when 1. the person appears to _____ and _____ help 2. the person is in some way ______ to us 3. the person is a _______ 4. we have just observed someone else being ______ 5. we are not in a hurry 6. we are in a small town or rural area 7. we are feeling ________ 8. we are focused on others and not _______ 9. we are in a good ______

72, 16

One experiment used vivid, easily recalled information to persuade people that sustained tanning put them at risk for future skin cancer. One month later, ____% of the participants, and only _____% of those in a wait-list control group had lighter skin.

happy

One of the most consistent findings in all of psychology is that _____ people are helpful people

true

Our ideas influence what we notice. In a 1970s study, most white participants who saw a white man shoving a black man said that they were horsing around. WHen they saw a black man shoving a white man, they described a violent act.

attitudes

People also come to believe in what they have stood up for. Many streams of evidence confirm that ______ follow behavior.

true

People are even somewhat more likely to marry someone whose first or last name resembles their own

evil

People in conflict often form ____ images of one another

social psychologists

Personality psychologists study the personal traits and dynamics that explain why different people act differently in a given situation. _________ study the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations.

fundamental attribution error, situations

The ______ appears more often in some cultures than in others. Individualistic Westerners more often attribute behavior to people's personality traits. People in East Asian cultures are more sensitive to the power of _____.

testosterone, intelligence, serotonin

Violent criminals tend to be muscular young males with higher than average _____ levels, lower than average _____ scores, and low levels of the neurotransmitter ______

fundamental attribution error

We are most likely to commit the _________ when a stranger acts badly. Having never seen this person in other situations, we assume he must be a bad person.

group polarization

When high-prejudice students discuss racial issues, they become more prejudice. This is an example of ______

groupthink

_____ contributed to the Vietnam war, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor incident in Russia, and the US space shuttle Challenger explosion

triplett

_____ found that when in a room with someone else winding a fishing reel, he or she would wind the reel faster than when in the room alone

prejudice, beliefs, emotions, action

_____ means prejudgement. It is a three part mixture of : 1. _____ called stereotypes 2. ______ (hostility, envy, or fear) 3. predispositions to ______ (to discriminate)

cooperative

______ contact reduces conflict, not mere contact.

prejudice, discrimination

______ is a negative attitude. ________ is a negative behavior.

rejection

______ is another aversive event that can lead to aggression. Such can be seen in various N American and European school shootings by youths who had been shunned

Festinger's

______'s cognitive dissonance theory stated to relieve tension that happens as a result of a mismatch between our attitudes and actions, we often bring our attitudes in line with our actions.

attitudes

_______ are especially likely to affect behavior when external influences are minimal, the attitude is stable, specific to the behavior, and easily recalled.

testosterone

_______ circulates in the blood stream and influences the neural systems that control aggression. When castrated, a raging bull will become gentle.

Sherif

_______ set up an experiment where two groups of boys at camp shared cooperative contact to resolve problems, and they boys became friends.

proximity

________ is a friendship's most powerful predictor

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship a proportion to what they give to it

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

role

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present in the beginning of a love relationship

prejudice

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. It usually involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

attitude

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

group polarization

strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple-well learned tasks in the presence of others

reward theory of attraction

the _______ says that we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs.

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

just-world phenomenon

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurate than faces of other races

fundamental attribution error

the tendency, when analyzing another's behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions don't match, we may change our attitude so that we feel more comfortable

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

altruism

unselfish concerns for the welfare of others

empathize

Automatic mimicry helps us to _____, to feel what others feel.

genetic, neural, biochemical

Biology influences aggression at three levels:

equity, self-disclosure

Companionate love is described as a deep, affectionate attachment. ____ and _____ are vital to the maintenance of such loving relationships

true

Crime rates are often higher and average happiness lower in countries marked by a wide gulf between rich and poor.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

During the Korean war, many U.S. prisoners of war were help in camps run by Chinese communists. Without using brutality, the captors gained the prisoners' cooperation in various activities, some running errands or accepted favors. Others informed on other prisoners and revealed military information. When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay with the communists. More returned home "brainwashed"- convinced that communism was good for Asia. This is an example of the _________

economically, prejudice

Evidence for the scapegoat theory of prejudice comes from two sources: 1. Prejudice tends to be high among ______ frustrated people 2. In experiments, a temporary frustration increases ____. Students made to feel insecure restored their self esteem by speaking badly about a rival school or another person.

aggression

Experience can teach us that ____ pays. Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious

incompetent, 3, status, behavior

Experiments show that we are more likely to conform when we are: 1. made to feel _____ or insecure 2. in a group with at lease ______ people 3. are in a group win which everyone else agrees 4. admire the group's _____ and attractiveness 5. have not already committed ourselves to any response 6. know that others in the group will observe our _____ 7. are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards

reality

Frustration arises less from desperation that form the gap between _____ and expectations, which may rise with education and attainments

anger

Frustration creates ______ which can spark aggression

twice

In one experiment, some female students dressed in depersonalizing KKK style hoods. Others in a control group did not wear hoods. Those whose identities were hidden delivered ____ as much electric shock to a victim.

violent

In police data and prison surveys, as in experiments, aggression-prone people are more likely to drink and become ______ when they are intoxicated

father, father

In the United States, cultures and families that experience minimal ____ care also have high violence rates. American male youths from _____-absent homes have double their peers' incarceration rates

Janis, groupthink

Reading a historian's account of the Bay of Pigs fiasco, when JFK and advisors chose to invade Cuba with 1400 CIA trained Cuban exiles. The invaders were easily captured and soon linked to the US government, ______ thought that the decision making procedures leading to the invasion may give some clues. He found that the morale of the recently elected president and his advisers was soaring. To preserve the good feeling, group members with differing views kept quiet. Since no one voiced opposition, everyone assumed the support was unanimous. _______ was at work.

sensitive

Repeatedly viewing on-screen violence tends to make us less _____ to cruelty

group polarization

Researchers captured _____ in a 2005 "deliberation day" experiment. They chose random samples of people for the voter rolls of liberal Boulder, Co. They then divided the sample into 5 person groups to discuss climate change, affirmative action, and same sex civil unions. The same thing was done in more conservative Colorado Springs. Researchers found that after the discussions, Boulder participants moved more left and Colorado Springs, more right.

true

Researchers implanted a radio-controlled electrode in the bran of a domineering leader of a caged monkey colony. The electrode was in a brain area, that when stimulated, inhibits aggression. When researchers placed the control button for the electrode in the colony's cage, one small monkey learned to push it every time the boss became threatening.

well-learned

Social facilitation-improved performance in the presence of others- occurs with a _______ task

individualistic

Social loafing was especially common among men in _____ cultures

milgram, 60

Social psychologist _____, a student of solomon asch, performed experiments that have become social psychology's most famous and hotly debated. In one experiment, one person was the teacher, administering electric shocks for wrong answers and the other was the student. When surveyed, most people stated that they wouldn't comply with the experimenter's commands to continue shocking the student when told. Actual experiment show that with men aged 20-50, more than ___% complied

notice, interpret, assume responsibility

Social psychologists John Darley and Bibb Latane believed that three conditions were necessary for bystanders to help. They would have to: 1. _____ the incident 2. ______ the event as an emergency 3. _______ for helping At each step, the presence of others can turn people away from the path that leads to helping.

frontal lobes, frontal lobes

Studies of violent criminals have revealed that diminished activity in the ______, which help control impulses. If the _____ are damaged, inactive, disconnected, or not fully mature, aggression may be more likely.

other-race effect

The greater recognition of our own-race faces called ________ emerges during infancy, between 3-9 months

deindividuation

The process of losing self-awareness and self-restraint, called ________ occurs when group participations makes people feel aroused and anonymous.

accountable, difference

Three things that cause social loafing: 1. people working as a group feel less ______, so they worry less about what others think about them 3. group members may not believe their individual contributions make a ______ 3. loafing itself- when group members share equally in the benefits regardless of how much they contribute, some people may slack off

Asch, 1/3

To study conformity, _______ devised a simple test. As a participant in what you believe is a study of visual perception, you arrive in time to take a seat at a table with 5 other people. The experimenter asks the group to state, one by one, which of the three comparison lines is identical to a standard line. You state what you easily see is line 2. Now, the third trial, and everyone before you states what you see as clearly the wrong answer. What answer do you give? More than ____ of the time, these intelligent and well-meaning college students were willing to go along with the group

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

minority influence

the power of one or two individuals to sway a majority

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present