Chapter 14: Substance abuse

Which of the following is impacted by changes in the ventromedial area of the prefrontal cortex? a. reward processing b. planning c. working memory d. inhibitory control

a. reward processing

Although she can't feel it, the socioaffective circuitry of Robin's brain has been changing since she started middle school.Which of the following has likely played the biggest role in this change? a. her diet b. her friends c. her parents d. the media

b. her friends -During adolescence, changes in the socioaffective circuitry of the brain are associated with the increased salience and reward value of peers.

Compared to 2007, which of the following has likely shown a resurgence of use among students at River Glen High School in 2017? a. heroin b. marijuana c. Ecstasy d. LSD

b. marijuana

After a period of regularly using cocaine, Javier developed a dependence on the drug. Which of the following genetic factors likely contributed to Javier's transition from regular recreational use to dependence? a. genes associated with risk taking b. genes associated with novelty seeking c. genes associated with drug metabolism d. genes associated with subjective response

c. genes associated with drug metabolism -How a person metabolizes a substance can influence whether or not they shift from regular use to dependence.

Out of 100 high school seniors at Roosevelt Academy, about how many take pills from the family medicine cabinet to use recreationally? a. 3 b. 9 c. 16 d. 22

b. 9 -Approximately 5% to 10% of high school seniors used prescription drugs for nonmedical purposes in 2011.

Which of the following is most likely to have problems with alcohol during their senior year of high school? a. Danita, a girl who lives in a trailer park b. Hunter, a boy who lives in wealthy suburb c. Yasmin, a girl who lives in a city penthouse d. Ramon, a boy who lives in a housing projec

b. Hunter, a boy who lives in wealthy suburb

How do prevalence rates of binge drinking compare for high school freshmen versus recent college graduates? a. Rates for freshmen are about three times higher than for recent graduates. b. Rates for recent graduates are about ten times higher than for freshmen. c. Rates for freshmen are about four times lower than for recent graduates. d. Rates for recent graduates are about fives time lower than for freshmen.

b. Rates for recent graduates are about ten times higher than for freshmen. -The binge drinking rate for youth ages 14 to 15 is 4.5%; the rate for young adults age 20 to 25 is 43%

As part of her initial assessment of Larry for a possible substance use disorder, Dr. Wang is including some medical tests. In the test results, Dr. Wang will likely be looking for signs of ________. a. hormonal deficiency b. dosage tolerance c. brain damage d. genetic abnormalities

b. dosage tolerance -Medical evaluations are an important component of comprehensive assessments for substance use disorders due to the presence of physiological complications such as tolerance and withdrawal.

To be accepted by his soccer teammates at the new school, Drew accepted their challenge to guzzle a six-pack of beer nonstop - which ended up making him violently ill.What caused Drew to behave this way? a. emotional regulation b. incentive motivation c. executive processing d. psychological dependence

b. incentive motivation -Incentive motivation can be observed when adolescents seek experiences in pursuit of reward or positive reinforcement.

Which of the following accurately lists the trajectories of adult marijuana use from lowest to highest prevalence? a. chronic path, late-onset path, adolescence-limited path, nonusers b. late-onset path, adolescence-limited path, nonusers, chronic path c. chronic path, nonusers, late-onset path, adolescence-limited path d. nonusers, adolescence-limited path, chronic path, late-onset path

b. late-onset path, adolescence-limited path, nonusers, chronic path -The prevalence rates are late-onset path (20%), adolescence-limited path (21%), nonusers (27%), and chronic path (32%).

A cognitive test conducted to assess someone for a possible drug use disorder would focus on which of the following? a. rewards b. memory c. temperament d. impulses

b. memory -Cognitive assessments for substance abuse include tests of skills frequently impaired by drug use, such as abstract thinking and memory.

Looking back, Mahmoud began to understand that his son's increasing episodes of paranoia and violence were classic symptoms associated with the ________ period prior to his formal diagnosis of schizophrenia. a. tolerance b. prodrome c. withdrawal d. syndrome

b. prodrome

Which of the following accurately reflects the relationship of perceived risk and peer disapproval of binge drinking over time from middle school through high school? a. risk ↑, disapproval ↑ b. risk ↓, disapproval ↓ c. risk ↓, disapproval ↑ d. risk ↑, disapproval ↓

b. risk ↓, disapproval ↓ -Perceptions of risk of binge drinking are highest in eighth grade, and decline through high school as the rate of disapproval of binge drinking in upper grades declines.

According to dimensional models, a teenager with a personality disorder will experience problems with aspects of ________. a. impulsivity and/or risk b. self and/or relationships c. emotions and/or self-esteem d. motivation and/or attachment

b. self and/or relationships -Dimensional models divide personality into core components related to the self and to relationships.

Donna likes to take the dog for a walk and smoke pot because it helps her forget the sadness she feels about her parents' recent divorce.Which of the following is Donna demonstrating? a. physical tolerance b. self-medication c. self-regulation d. incentive salience

b. self-medication

Which of the following is most likely to encourage a teenager to obtain counseling for a substance use disorder? a. a lecture from parents b. a message from social media c. a treatment for an overdose d. an intervention from peers

c. a treatment for an overdose -The strongest incentive to change behavior and seek treatment is negative consequences attributed to substance use.

In which of the following situations is high-school sophomore Caleb most likely to make a poor decision? a. picking the players for his fantasy football team b. selecting his academic courses for next year c. considering whether to cut off a disloyal friend d. thinking about which girl to ask to the fall dance

c. considering whether to cut off a disloyal friend -Adolescents make worse decisions in high-emotion situations than in low-emotion situations.

According to the developmental cascade model of substance-use, which of the following has the lowest correlation to the initiation of illicit substance use? a. early parenting problems b. adolescent peer problems c. difficult child factors d. early behavior problems

c. difficult child factors -The correlation between difficult child factors and substance use initiation is .08; the highest correlation is an adverse sociocultural context at .54

Tremaine wants to get a football scholarship to an Ivy League college, so he stays focused on his grades and staying healthy to put up good stats at his weekly games. But if there is big holiday or a week without a game, he will enjoy downing a good number of beers and maybe a few shots with his friends.Which alcohol-use trajectory group does Tremaine fall into? a. moderate drinkers b. binge drinkers c. fling drinkers d. abstainers/light drinkers

c. fling drinkers -Fling drinkers have time-limited periods of heavy use; although Tremaine's experience may be described as binge drinking, the term is not a formal trajectory group

Which of the following is most likely to experience their first use of drugs, alcohol, or tobacco? a. Becky, who is 15 b. Rashad, who is 16 c. Fatima, who is 17 d. Jonah, who is 18

d. Jonah, who is 18 -The periods of highest vulnerability for initial substance use are early adolescence and the transition to young adulthood.

Many people oppose the legalization of recreational marijuana, because they believe it can lead some users to seek out stronger highs from cocaine, heroin, or other drugs.These people support which of the following? a. social influence theory b. common liability model c. cascade model d. gateway hypothesis

d. gateway hypothesis

Which of the following accurately reflects the dynamic of ingestion and effect in someone who has developed tolerance for a substance? a. take less to feel less b. take less to feel the same c. take more to feel more d. take more to feel the same

d. take more to feel the same