CHAPTER 14 TEST BANK QUESTIONS

17) Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction? A) An art product B) A reality-engineered product C) A craft product D) A trial product

A

23) Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________. A) cultural formula B) enacted norm C) fashion cycle D) innovation process

A

31) ________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil). A) Levi-Strauss B) Freud C) Hofstede D) Bettelheim

A

35) ________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event. A) Gestation B) Presentation C) Reformulation D) Ritual artifacts

A

4) ________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group. A) Ideology B) Myths C) Norms D) Theories

A

47) Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________. A) work/leisure B) self/others C) pride/modesty D) innocence/experience

A

49) Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals? A) Convention B) Gestation C) Presentation D) Reformulation

A

53) Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. A) ritual B) symbolic exchange C) convention D) rite of passage

A

61) ________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday. A) Profane B) Sacred C) Objectified D) Ritualized

A

77) ________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. A) Power distance B) Individualism C) Uncertainty avoidance D) Long-term orientation

A

19) In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________. A) lead users B) cultural gatekeepers C) cultural informers D) innovators

B

21) Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information. A) laggards B) gatekeepers C) early adopters D) innovators

B

32) ________ is a myth that explains the origins of existence. A) Cosmological B) Metaphysical C) Sociological D) Psychological

B

33) Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________. A) ritual script B) ritual artifacts C) potlatch D) norms

B

46) Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them. A) fighter B) fortress C) transcultural D) sacralized

B

64) When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________. A) sacralization B) desacralization C) defamation D) objectification

B

76) A ________ is a very short-lived fashion. A) trend B) fad C) classic D) style

B

78) When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________. A) trickle-down effect B) trickle-up effect C) trickle-across effect D) meme theory

B

8) The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system. A) social structure B) ecology C) ideology D) dogma

B

84) Fashion refers to ________. A) a particular combination of attributes within style B) the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers C) being positively evaluated by some reference group D) the norm

B

9) Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products. A) ideology B) ecology C) social structure D) socio-psychology

B

1) Culture is best described as a society's ________. A) attitude B) consciousness C) personality D) history

C

15) All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem. A) creative B) managerial C) marketing D) communications

C

16) Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________. A) diffusion B) cooptation C) cultural selection D) cultural mapping

C

18) Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________. A) lifestyle movement B) value movement C) cultural movement D) marketing concept movement

C

2) Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview? A) Ecology B) Social structure C) Ideology D) Socio-psychology

C

29) A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. A) norm B) ritual C) myth D) more

C

3) ________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. A) Myths B) Theories C) Norms D) Rituals

C

36) The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match? A) Metaphysical B) Cosmological C) Psychological D) Anthropological

C

37) The second stage in the rite of passage is ________. A) separation B) aggregation C) liminality D) sacred consumption

C

45) A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________. A) myth B) more C) ritual D) convention

C

5) ________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life. A) Ecology B) Lifestyle C) Social structure D) Ideology

C

50) As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________. A) exchange oriented B) reciprocal C) altruistic D) instrumental

C

52) Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings? A) Objectification B) Self-serving guilt C) The reciprocity norm D) Role transference

C

63) The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________. A) prioritizing B) hoarding C) collecting D) ritualizing

C

65) Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________. A) profane B) objectified C) sacred D) crescive

C

66) ________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning. A) Contamination B) Objectification C) Sacralization D) Profane consumption

C

7) The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________. A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) anthropology

C

75) Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________. A) continuous innovation B) early adopters C) innovators D) laggards

C

14) It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders. A) innovation B) transformation C) diffusion D) cooptation

D

20) ________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products. A) Culture program company (CPC) B) Culture invention company (CIC) C) Culture production institution (CPI) D) Culture production system (CPS)

D

22) The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________. A) high art products B) style and cultural icons C) low art products D) craft products

D

30) Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture? A) Cosmological B) Sociological C) Psychological D) Anthropological

D

34) According to Dennis Rook, a key aspect of a ritual is ________. A) artifacts B) scripts C) performance roles D) all of the above

D

48) Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange. A) transactional B) stylistic C) psychological D) economic

D

51) A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________. A) convention B) sacralization C) cycle D) rite of passage

D

6) A cultural production system is a ________. A) creative subsystem B) managerial subsystem C) communication subsystem D) all of the above

D

62) Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right. A) congregation B) reciprocity C) desacralization D) contamination

D