Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Which of the following provides mechanical protection for the brain by cradling the brain? the dura mater the cranial meninges the cerebrospinal fluid the bones of the skull

the bones of the skull Remember that these form a hard case that surrounds the brain.

A buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cranial cavity can lead to __________. compression of brain tissue and impairment of neural function enlargement of the cranium in infants "water on the brain," or hydrocephaly all of the listed outcomes

all of the listed outcomes

David hears a strange noise at his back door late one night. It sounds as though someone is trying to break into his home. He automatically goes into a fight-or-flight response. What part of the limbic system helps control the flight-or-flight response? mamillary bodies amygdaloid body fornix hippocampus

amygdaloid body Remember that this area is involved with processing reactions to fear.

Open Hint for Question 42 in a new window The centers in the pons that modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata are the __________. apneustic and pneumotaxic centers nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus vasomotor and cardiac centers ascending and descending tracts

apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

The slender canal that connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle is the __________. aqueduct of midbrain diencephalic chamber foramen of Monro septum pellucidum

aqueduct of midbrain

The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus are anatomical structures of the __________. cerebellum mesencephalon metencephalon diencephalon

diencephalon Remember that the third ventricle is derived from this structure.

Excess cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the venous circulation by __________. passage through the subarachnoid space diffusion through the lateral and medial apertures active transport across the choroid plexus diffusion across the arachnoid villi

diffusion across the arachnoid villi Remember that this area has a large surface area.

Pyramidal cells are cortical neurons that __________. link the cerebral cortex to the brain stem permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres direct voluntary movements monitor and interpret sensory information

direct voluntary movements Remember that this involves intention.

The pineal gland, an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone melatonin, is found in the __________. epithalamus thalamus brain stem hypothalamus

epithalamus

Hypothalamic or thalamic stimulation that depresses reticular formation activity in the brain stem results in __________. heightened alertness and a generalized excitement generalized lethargy or actual sleep emotions of fear, rage, and pain sexual arousal and pleasure

generalized lethargy or actual sleep Remember that the reticular formation helps maintain consciousness.

The sea horse-like structure in the limbic system responsible for storage and retrieval of new long-term memories is the __________. amygdaloid body cingulate gyrus corpus callosum hippocampus

hippocampus Remember that this structure is inferior to the amygdaloid body.

The part(s) of the diencephalon responsible for coordination of activities of the central nervous system and the endocrine system is (are) the __________. epithalamus hypothalamus thalamus hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus

hypothalamus Remember that this region also regulates circadian rhythms.

Fresh blood, with oxygen and nutrients, reaches the brain through the __________. axillary artery subclavian veins internal carotid and vertebral arteries internal jugular veins and dural sinuses

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

The blood-brain barrier remains intact throughout the CNS, EXCEPT in __________. the pons and the medulla portions of the cerebrum and the cerebellum portions of the hypothalamus and the choroid plexus the thalamus and the mesencephalon

portions of the hypothalamus and the choroid plexus Remember that this involves a region that connects to the pituitary gland.

A loud noise produces a tympanic reflex that results in __________. increased olfactory activity unstable eye movements reduced movement of auditory ossicles unusual head movements

reduced movement of auditory ossicles

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus __________. controls feeding reflexes (licking and swallowing) secretes oxytocin releases hormones that control endocrine cells of the pituitary gland regulates body temperature

secretes oxytocin Remember which hormone stimulates smooth muscle contraction.

The pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus integrate __________. sensory data concerning touch, pressure, and pain sensory information for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex sensory information for relay to the frontal lobes visual information from the eyes and auditory signals from the ears

sensory information for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex Remember that the thalamus processes signals that lead to complex networks.

The cerebrum of the adult brain ultimately forms from the __________. mesencephalon telencephalon myelencephalon diencephalon

telencephalon Remember that this is formed from the prosencephalon.

Relay and processing centers for sensory information are found in the __________. epithalamus thalamus hypothalamus pineal gland

thalamus Remember that this is the "inner editor" for the cerebral sensory cortex.

Which of the following statements about a subdural hemorrhage is true? The mortality rate for untreated cases is 100 percent. A break in a vein may cause blood to flow to the meningeal layer of the dura mater and down to the arachnoid layer. An arterial break leads to blood's being forced between the dura mater and the cranium. None of the listed responses is correct.

A break in a vein may cause blood to flow to the meningeal layer of the dura mater and down to the arachnoid layer. Remember a subdural hemorrhage involves low blood pressure distortions in underlying tissue.

The hypothalamus produces and secretes the hormones __________. ADH and oxytocin prolactin and FSH adrenalin and growth hormone estrogen and testosterone

ADH and oxytocin Remember that one of the hormones restricts water loss and the other stimulates smooth muscle contractions

Which of the following statements about the choroid plexus is correct? Its product, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), has a composition distinctly different from that of blood. It can be found in the third ventricle, lateral ventricles, and fourth ventricle. It consists of specialized ependymal cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct. Think about all the characteristics of this plexus.

What is the effect on the right eye when a bright light is shown into the left eye? The consensual light reflex will occur. The vestibulo-ocular reflex will occur. The direct light reflex will occur. None of the listed responses is correct.

The consensual light reflex will occur.

Why might damage to the pons be sufficient to cause death? The pons controls the production of hormones that regulate pituitary gland cells. The pons contains white fibers that enable the cerebral hemispheres to communicate with each other. The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers. All of the listed responses are correct.

The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers. Remember that this area is involved with maintaining vital functions.

Which of the following statements about the basal nuclei is FALSE? They include the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen. They adjust muscle tone in the appendicular skeleton to set body position during movement. They initiate skeletal movements, such as walking and stopping. They provide general pattern and rhythm for established movements.

They initiate skeletal movements, such as walking and stopping. Remember that the basal nuclei are involved in nonvolitional activity.

The three major groups of axons that comprise the central white matter are __________. reticular, caudate, and arcuate fibers association, commissural, and projection fibers unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar motor, sensory, and interneurons

association, commissural, and projection fibers Remember that these fibers are wrapped in myelin.

The masses of gray matter that lie within each cerebral hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle are the __________. pyramidal cells gyri and sulci basal nuclei commissural fibers

basal nuclei

The central white matter of the cerebrum is found __________. beneath the neural cortex and around the cerebral nuclei in the cerebral cortex and in the cerebral nuclei in the superficial layer of the neural cortex in the deep cerebral nuclei and in the neural cortex

beneath the neural cortex and around the cerebral nuclei This area is inferior to the regions that create higher-order cognition.

Assume that as you are taking this practice exam, you are concentrating and giving it your full attention. If you were connected to an EEG at this moment, what type of brain waves would it record? alpha waves beta waves gamma waves delta waves

beta waves This frequency pattern is faster than that of more relaxed states.

Neural tissue in the central nervous system (CNS) is isolated from the general circulation by the __________. falx cerebri anterior commissures blood-brain barrier corpus striatum

blood-brain barrier

The pons links the cerebellum with the __________. cerebrum spinal cord brain stem brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord

brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord Remember that there are multiple links.

An individual with a damaged visual association area __________. is red-green color blind and experiences glaucoma can see letters clearly but cannot recognize or interpret them cannot read, because he or she is blind is incapable of receiving somatic sensory information

can see letters clearly but cannot recognize or interpret them

The effortless serve of a tennis player is a result of establishing __________. motor patterns in the pons cerebellar motor patterns sensory patterns within the medulla cerebral motor responses

cerebellar motor patterns Remember that this is an area that specializes in processing signals for muscle contractions.

Coordination and refinement of learned movement patterns at the subconscious level are performed by the __________. association fibers hypothalamus cerebellum pons

cerebellum Remember that this region is cradled by the occipital bone.

The nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surfaces of the mesencephalon are the __________. substantia nigra cerebral peduncles corpora quadrigemina inferior and superior colliculi

cerebral peduncles Remember that these areas contain descending fibers that go to the cerebellum.

The mamillary bodies in the floor of the hypothalamus contain motor nuclei that control the reflex movements involved with __________. taste and temperature responses touch, pressure, and pain chewing, licking, and swallowing eye movements and auditory responses

chewing, licking, and swallowing Remember that these activities help mechanically process food.

Monitoring of the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and removal of waste products from the CSF occur in the __________. superior sagittal sinus subarachnoid space lateral and medial apertures choroid plexus

choroid plexus Remember that these structures are within ventricles.

The somatic motor association area is responsible for the __________. coordination of learned motor responses ability to hear, see, and smell coordination of all reflex activity throughout the body assimilation of neural responses to tactile stimulation

coordination of learned motor responses Remember that many of the signals processed here take time to develop.

Visual information has been processed in Jennifer's right visual association area, and impulses are then sent to her right prefrontal cortex to be used in decision making. Which type of white fiber carries the information to her prefrontal cortex? corpus callosum fibers arcuate fibers longitudinal fasciculi anterior commissure fibers

longitudinal fasciculi Remember that these fibers run posterior to anterior in direction.

The cardiovascular centers and the respiratory rhythmicity centers are located in the __________. spinal cord cerebellum pons medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata Remember that this area is located just above the foramen magnum.

The functions of the limbic system serve to identify its role as a __________. complex task-performing system subendocrine system minineural system motivational system

motivational system This function impacts the emotional states.

In the medulla oblongata, the relay stations along sensory or motor pathways consist of the __________. cerebral peduncles and red nuclei arbor vitae and cerebellar peduncles nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus vasomotor and rhythmicity centers

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus Remember that these structures pass somatic sensory information to the thalamus.

Which of the following structures do(es) NOT provide protection and shock absorption for the brain? the cranial meninges the bones of the cranium the cerebrospinal fluid the carotid arteries and jugular veins

the carotid arteries and jugular veins These structures carry fluid under high and low pressures.

What major region of the brain is responsible for conscious thought processes, sensations, intellectual functions, memory, and complex motor patterns? the medulla the cerebrum the cerebellum the pons

the cerebrum Remember that this is the largest brain region.

The versatility of the brain to respond to stimuli is greater than that of the spinal cord because of __________. the fast-paced processing centers located in the brain the number of neurons and complex interconnections between the neurons the size of the brain and the number of myelinated neurons the location of the brain in the cranial vault

the number of neurons and complex interconnections between the neurons

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reaches the subarachnoid space via __________. the choroid plexus the superior sagittal sinus the subdural sinuses three holes in the fourth ventricle

three holes in the fourth ventricle Remember that this is in a hollow space that contains

21 The neurons in the primary sensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from __________. touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors receptors in muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs visual and auditory receptors in the eyes and ears commissural fibers in the white matter

touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors Remember that many of these are general sensory receptors.

Which of the following facial nerves do(es) NOT supply the tongue? vagus nerve (X) hypoglossal nerves (XII) trigeminal nerves (V) glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)

vagus nerve (X) Remember that this is the only cranial nerve that innervates abdominal viscera.

The mesencephalon, or midbrain, processes __________. voluntary motor activities and sensory information emotions, sensations, memory, and visceral motor control visual and auditory information and generates involuntary motor responses sensory information from the cerebellum to the cerebrum

visual and auditory information and generates involuntary motor responses

The corpora quadrigemina of the mesencephalon are responsible for processing __________. balance and equilibrium sensations of taste and smell complex coordinated movements visual and auditory sensations

visual and auditory sensations