chapter 15
Which of the following is characterized by good judgment and exceptional insight into life's pragmatic concerns and human conditions?
Wisdom
In the Mankato Nun Study, the researcher used the concept of idea density, which is ______.
a measure of linguistic ability
Which of the following do gerontologists typically recommend for older adults?
aerobic activity strength training
The MOST common chronic disorder in late adulthood is ______.
arthritis
The leading cause of death in adults between the ages of 65 and 74 is ______.
cardiovascular disease
Researchers have found that exercise improves _____________ functioning in older adults. For example, a recent study revealed that telomere length was greater in white blood cells when older adults had a higher level of physical activity during leisure time.
cell
The biological theory of aging known as the _______ theory suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 75 to 80 times and that cells become less capable of dividing as people age.
cellular clock
A(n) _________ is a person who is 100 years or older. (Watch your spelling!)
centenarian
A(n) ____________ is a person who is 100 years or older. (Watch your spelling!)
centennial
Cellular __________ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.
clock
Cellular ____________ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.
clock
The memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state is called _________ memory.
declarative
The receiving portion of the neuron is the __________. Researchers have found that growth in these areas can occur even in older adults.
dendrite
Which of the following are associated with increased risk of sleep problems?
depression physical illness
The number of years that an average person born in a specific year will most likely live is called "life
expectancy
Recalling the experiences you had on vacation, or being at a mall and remembering what you wanted to buy are examples of ___ memory.
explicit
Sustained attention is defined as ______.
focused and extended engagement with an object, task, or some other aspect of the environment
Selective attention is defined as ______.
focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
___________ stress theory states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and disease.
hormonal
Which of the following are biological theories of aging? (Select all that apply.)
hormonal stress theory evolutionary theory cellular clock theories
The two most common chronic disorders in late adulthood are arthritis and ____________
hypertension
Memory that involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed is called ______ memory.
implicit
Memory without conscious recollection is called ______ memory.
implicit
According to the evolutionary theory of aging, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults because natural selection ______.
is linked to reproductive fitness
Focusing attention on a relevant piece of information while ignoring other, irrelevant information is known as __________ attention. (Remember to type only one word per blank.)
selective
The term life _________ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live.
span
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment is called _________ attention.
sustained
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment is called __________ attention.
sustained
Recent research on cellular clock theory has determined that the tips of chromosomes called _________ become shorter each time a cell divides, after about 70 or 80 divisions, they are dramatically reduced, and the cell can no longer reproduce.
telomeres
Many studies suggest that declines in cognitive functioning occur in the years just before a person's death, regardless of their age. This is known as _________ decline.
terminal
Many studies suggest that declines in cognitive functioning occur in the years just before a person's death, regardless of their age. This is known as ______.
terminal decline
Research by Rodin and Langer (1977) revealed that nursing home residents were happier, more active, healthier, and more likely to live longer if they ______.
were encouraged to make more day-to-day choices
In a study by Rodin and Langer (1977), nursing home residents were given more responsibility over decisions such as what to eat. Compared to a control group, those residents ______.
were less likely to die
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters is called
wisdom
Gerontologists generally recommend that older adults engage in moderate-intensity physical activity for at least ______ per week.
2 hours and 30 minutes
According to one research analysis, energy expended by older adults that burns up at least 1,000 calories a week was estimated to increase life expectancy by ______%.
30
On average, the brain loses ______ of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90.
5 to 10%
According to research, ______ of people age 65 to 74 are sexually active.
53%
Researchers have found that dendritic growth no longer occurs in people in their ______.
90s
Which of the following are consequences of aging on the brain?
A reduction in some neurotransmitters A slowing in the function of the brain and spinal cord Reduced number of synapses
In 2015, the geographical area with the lowest estimated life expectancy was in ______.
Africa
True or false: Centenarians in the United States are more common today than they will likely be in 2050.
False
What are some factors identified in the New England Centenarian Study that contribute to longevity?
Longevity genes Effective coping
Regarding living arrangements and health care for the elderly, which of the following statements are TRUE?
More than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards. One issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities.
The _____ found that longevity genes and the ability to cope with stress are involved in longevity.
New England Centenarian Study
Which of the following statements is true?
Older adults are more likely to experience declines in explicit memory compared to implicit memory.
Which of the following biological explanations for why women tend to outlive men are TRUE?
The extra X chromosome may be associated with greater antibody production. Women have more resistance to degenerative diseases. Women have more resistance to infections.
In which of the following regions of the brain have researchers documented that neurogenesis occurs?
The olfactory bulb The hippocampus
Regarding older adults and exercise, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The rate of exercise among older people has increased dramatically in recent years.
True or false: Although there are individual differences, research shows that seeing, hearing, and other aspects of sensory functioning are linked with the ability to perform everyday activities.
True
True or false: Exercise plays an important role in preventing some chronic diseases, and it is also used as part of the treatment for some diseases.
True
True or false: Exercise plays an important role in preventing some chronic diseases, and it is also used as part of the treatment for some diseases. True false question.
True
True or false: The hormonal stress theory of aging states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and increases the likelihood of disease.
True
According to research, exercise reduces the risk of which of the following chronic diseases?
Type 2 diabetes Cardiovascular disease
Which of the following statements regarding sleep in late adulthood is FALSE?
Using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults' sleep causes more harm than good.
Which of the following sensory functions decline as the result of aging?
Vision Smell Hearing
Which of the following is NOT a reason why men die sooner than women?
Androgen production
________ is an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems.
Arthritis
_________ is an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems.
Arthritis
__________ is an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems.
Arthritis
What can 35-year-old Lucy do to avoid osteoporosis?
Avoid smoking Exercise regularly Eat foods rich in calcium
Which of the following are causal factors for osteoporosis?
Calcium deficiency Estrogen deficiency Lack of exercise Vitamin D deficiency
Which of the following together account for 60% of deaths in older adults?
Cancer Heart disease
_____________ effects relating to education, work, and health need to be taken into account when studying the cognitive functioning of older adults.
Cohort
Which of the following descriptions applies to telomeres?
DNA sequences that cap chromosomes
Betty is an 85-year-old health educator. She walks every day because she recognizes that, according to research, regular walking helps with which of the following?
Decreasing the onset of physical disability Preserving mobility Reducing functional limitations
Which of the following are examples of adaptive features of the aging brain?
Dendritic growth Decreased lateralization Neurogenesis
Which of the following are some of the main dimensions of memory that have been studied in terms of aging?
Episodic memory Semantic memory
Which theory of aging supports the idea that if Alzheimer disease occurred earlier in development, it might have been eliminated many centuries ago?
Evolutionary theory
___________ functioning includes cognitive inhibitions and working memory, which tend to decline in older adulthood.
Executive
______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior.
Executive function
Which of the following are considered critical factors for the development of wisdom?
Having wisdom-enhancing mentors Valuing the welfare of others over oneself Working in a field concerned with difficult life problems
Exercise is linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning in older adults because it does which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Improves executive functioning Leads to improved memory
Which of the following statements about differences in selective attention between younger and older adults is TRUE?
In general, younger adults are more adept at selective attention than older adults.
Which of the following are aspects of executive functioning that decline in late adulthood?
Inhibiting dominant or automatic responses Switching back and forth between tasks or mental sets
Which of the following are reasons why projected growth in life expectancy is so much lower in the US than in South Korea?
The US has a much higher child and maternal mortality rate. The US has the world's highest homicide rate. Americans are much more likely to be obese.
The term _________ refers to a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.
Osteoporosis
What is the primary reason that some adults with partners do not have sex?
Partner's poor physical health
Which statements about nursing homes are accurate?
Patients often feel depersonalized. There are concerns about safety and care at over one-third of American nursing homes.
What is the relationship between physical activity and longevity?
People who exercise regularly tend to live considerably longer.
Which of the following are a part of executive functioning?
Self-control Goal-directed behavior
According to recent research in healthy aging, what are the major causes of decrease in brain volume?
Shorter axons Shrinkage of neurons Fewer synapses
Compared to explicit memory, implicit memory is _____ likely to be affected by age.
less
Generally, older adults are ______ younger adults at selective attention.
less adept than
The number of years that a person born in a particular year will probably live is called ____.
life expectancy
The term _____ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live.
life span
In the United States, ______ are more likely than ______ to die from the leading causes of death associated with lifestyle.
men; women
Exercise can increase _________ and____________ mass and decrease ___________ fragility.
muscle, bone, bone
Adaptive features of the aging brain include delateralization of the brain, dendritic growth, and ______.
neurogenesis
The formation of new neurons is called _______. (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)
neurogenesis
The formation of new neurons is called ____________. (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)
neurogenesis
All of the following personal characteristics have been associated with having wisdom EXCEPT
neuroticism.
The noncognitive influences on memory include all of the following, EXCEPT ______
neurotransmitters
The noncognitive influences on memory include all of the following, EXCEPT ______.
neurotransmitters
Which disorder involves extensive loss of bone tissue?
osteoporosis
Research shows that regular physical activity helps improve older adults' ______ functioning.
physical and cognitive
In the Mankato Nun Study, ______ early in adulthood were linked to longevity.
positive emotions
In the Mankato Nun Study, ______ early in adulthood were linked to longevity. Multiple choice question.
positive emotions
In the Mankato Nun Study, nuns whose early writings contained ______ emotional content were more likely to be alive at 75 to 95 years of age than those whose writings contained ______ emotional content.
positive; negative