Chapter 15
What are enteric infections?
Caused by diarrhea and vomiting
What type of infection is found in water?
Cholera
Spread by contaminated water spout
Cholera outbreak in the streets of London in the 1800s
Chronic carrier
Chronic infection or outbreak
What is an example of a propagated epidemic?
Common cold
Endemic diseases
Constantly present
Three modes of disease transmission
Contact Vehicle Vector
Rats (Lyme disease, and yellow fever)
biological disease transmission
Droplet
Drops of mucus, 3 feet
Portals of entry for microbe spread
Ears eyes nose mouth mammary glands urethra vagina anus placenta broken skin
Remote wilderness tropical
Ebola or hanta virus
Portals of exit
Eyes, ears,nose, mouth, broken skin, seminal vesicles, urethra, anus
John Snow
Father of Epidemiology
What are the 5 F's of enteric infectious disease transmission?
Flies, food, fingers, feces, and fomites.
Mechanical disease transmission
Fly lands on food (E.coli, trachoma)
Indirect
Fomites
Food processing plants that spread contamination
Food poisoning
Foodborne example
Food poisoning
What is an example of a common source outbreak?
Food poisoning
Epidemiology
Frequency and spread of disease in a population
Exogenous
From surgery then get sick from something else.
Endogenous
From within, already had.
What is an example of a poorly screen blood product?
HIV or hepatitis C
Intermittent carriers
Herpes
Epidemic disease
Higher than normal incidence in a population over a short period of time
What are three kinds of infection reservoirs?
Humans, animals, and nonliving.
Mary Mallon
Infected 52 people, first identified carrier of typhoid in the 1900s. Infected 52 people while cooking
Propagated epidemic
Person to person spread
What type of infection do rats cause?
Plague
G.I. tract
Portal of entry for cholera, typhoid fever,hepatitis a or mumps.
Genitals
Portal of entry for diseases like gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes or aids.
Direct
STD's, & rabies
Food infection reservoir
Salmonella, and E. coli
What portal of entry is responsible for tennis Rocky Mountain spotted fever, hepatitis B, rabies, or malaria?
Skin
Nonliving reservoir
Soil, water, food
What type of infection's are found in soil?
Tetanus, valley fever
Morbidity rate
The number of people affected by a disease in a given. Compared to the total population
Mortality rate
The number of people that die from a disease in a given. Compared to the total population
Fatality rate
The number of people that die that are infected with the disease
Herd immunity
The proportion of the population that is immune to a specific disease.
What is the most common nosocomial site of infection?
Urinary tract - nursing homes
3 types of VEHICLE disease transmission
Waterborne, airborne and foodborne
Aids, influenza
What is an example of a pandemic disease?
Common cold
What is an example of an endemic disease?
Ebola 2014 outbreak
What is an example of an epidemic disease?
Pandemic
Worldwide epidemic
Airplanes
Zika virus or flu
Animal reservoir
Zoonoses are transmitted from an animal to a human.
What is an example of a notifiable disease?
Cancer, cholera, gonorrhea, hepatitis A, B, and C.
Airborne disease transmission
Aerosols- flu mixes with dust then blows
How do the universal precautions try to prevent the spread?
Aim to prevent nosocomial infections - wear gloves and mask
What is a notifiable disease?
Are infectious disease is that are harmful to the public health and must be reported by physicians.
What are the public health organizations that monitor disease for the US and for the entire world?
CDC and world health organization(WHO)
Incidence
Describes the number of new cases in a population
Prevalence
Describes the total number of people infected with in a population
3 CONTACT disease transmissions
Direct, indirect, and droplet
Subclinical infection
Don't know you have the infection
What is an example of a waterborne disease transmission?
Drinking after someone
Common source
Is an epidemic that arises from contact with a contaminated substance
Epidemiological study
Is helpful to identify the index case when looking for the etiology of a disease.
Index case
Is the first case of the disease to be identified
Etiology
Is the study of causes of diseases
What are four ways to control disease transmission?
Isolation, quarantine, immunization and vector control
Cooling towers of air conditioning/ventilation systems
Legionnaires disease
Urban development
Lyme disease or ticks
Two types of vector disease transmission
Mechanical, & biological
how are nosocomial infections usually spread?
Mostly through person-to-person for mites and air.
Where on the body is the portal of entry for TB whooping cough influenza or measles?
Mouth, nose
Sporadic disease
Occurs in a random and unpredictable manner with isolated cases pose no great threat to the population
