Chapter 15 & 16: The 1st Global Age (European exploration and conquest)
Sultan
"overlord" or "one with power"; title for Ottoman rulers during the rise of the Ottoman Empire
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
Ferdinand Magellan
(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Sepoys
-Indian soldiers in the service of the East India Company, to serve anywhere (either in India or overseas) Remember the Sepoy Mutiny- Pork Fat on bullets
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494- A treaty that created an imaginary line down the Atlantic. Spain controlled everything to the west Portugal controlled everything to the east.
Incas
A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. THEY HAD AN IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGY- ROADS & TERRACE FARMING
Mayas
A Native American people, living in what is now Mexico and northern Central America, who had a flourishing civilization from before the birth of Jesus until around 1600, when they were conquered by the Spanish. They are known for their astronomical observations, accurate calendars sophisticated hieroglyphics, and pyramids.
Constantinople
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
Caravel
A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?
About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.
Mercantilism
An economic system where the mother country benefits from its colonial holdings "favorable balance of trade"
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century?
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.
Reconquista
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.
How did French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration levels from France?
Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women.
What became Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?
Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica empire.
Conquistadors
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)
How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?
Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.
Plantations
Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?
Islands off the coast of Asia
What did the Dutch East India Company do in the seventeenth century?
It took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.
Inca Empire
Large and Advanced Native American civilization in Peru
Aztec Empire
Large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America Very advanced, with a central government, math and engineering knowledge
Cartographers
Map makers
At the time of his death, where did Columbus believe the islands he found were located?
Off the coast of Asia.
Pre-Columbian
Period of North and South American history before the arrival of the Europeans in the late 15th century.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?
Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch.
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by who?
Prince Henry.
Conquistador
Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernando Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
Viceroy
Spanish representative or governor in the new world.
Ming Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
Encomienda
System of social control used in the new world to control the natives. Peninsulares were supposed to Christianize the natives, treat them fair and have them work on plantations BUT they were treated poorly and often worked to the death.
Encomienda System
System used to control the Natives in the Americas Spanish conquerors had the right to force Indians to work on plantations
How did the encomienda system function?
The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca king Atahualpa?
The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?
The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods.
Who were the group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?
The middle class.
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain its control over its colonies?
The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.
How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?
They sought a Northwest Passage across North America.
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
They traded for slaves with local leaders.
Terraces
steplike ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming
