Chapter 15 Ap euro
bohemian phase
The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain.
peace of utrecht (1713)
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain, and conferring control of Gibraltar on England.
holy synod
The replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a "bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision."
danish phase
The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants including a battle vs denamrk. Edict of restitution is outlaws calvinism, restores many catholic lands.
swedish phase
The third phase of the Thirty Years' War when Sweden came into the war under Gustavus Adolphus. The Protestants began to defeat the Catholics. The Edict of Restitution was revoked and the Peace of Prague replaced it.
ship money
There was always an English tax on port towns which required each town to pay for a mercenary vessel to protect it. Under Charles I, this was expanded so that inland towns paid as if they were also port towns so Charles got the money. It was deeply resented by the inland towns it affected.
military revolution
during 30 years war, there was an increase in firearms & canoons; greater mobility in tactics; better trained armies
king fredrick i
elector of Brandenburg and first king of Prussia under his name, son of fredrick william; ; 1st to take title "king" and not elector; during his reign began prussia emerges as a power. built palaces and patronized the arts
social contact theory
idea that government and people have a mutual agreement (government should pass fair laws and protect rights of citizens while people agree to follow laws and respect government authority) p 39 g.b.
edict of fontainebleau
revoked the Edict of Nantes, provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools, mass exodus of Huguenots weakened the French economy and strengthened its rivals - major mistake of Louis XIV
general war commissariat
set up by Frederick William to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth; the elector's chief instrument to govern the state
ivan iv
("The Terrible") Ruler of the Russia that had absolute power, enforced a tax system, responsible for the building of St. Basil, expanded Russia, gave up throne, killed his son, tortured people.
gustavus adolphus
(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles
thirty years war
(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
louis xiv
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Fredrick William the great elector
(1640-1688) Inherited Prussia, Brandenburg , and Rhine river holdings he sought to absolutize his state. imposed an overall tax that supported his standing army who also acted as tax collected taxes, and acted as policemen. He was able to do this because the general instability of the time led to a general true need for an army, and he granted the nobles many privileges, like control over the peasants.
english civil war
(1642-1651) Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in a victory of Pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.
the restoration
(1660) Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established Anglican church, courts of law and local government.
peter the great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)
charles ii
- Brought back as a limited monarch, Parliament powerful
charles i
-dismissed Parliment->called back->members mutinous->beheaded as a result of the English civil war
fronde
-nobles/peasants revolt against Louis XIV, don't like increasing royal powe
table of ranks
..., ..., Peter the Great instituted it to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up. When a non-noble reached the eighth rank, he became a noble.
oliver Cromwell
..., English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
state of nature
..., The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.
james ii
..., This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
jean-baptisie colbert
......
time of troubles
1604-1613, During which the Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty.
defenestration of Prague
1618, started the thirty years war and they through people out of a window
peace of Westphalia
1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history
the interregnum
1649-1660; period of time between rule of Charles I and Charles II during which there was military and parliamentary control of the commonwealth; no king
the english bill of rights
1689 It stated that William and Mary would share power with parliament, meaning parliament could raise taxes, write laws, own guns, and have freedom of speech. Also william and mary had to call parliament to session at least every 3 years
treaty of karlowitz
1699. The Ottomans are forced to sign it and give up Hungary (not present day Hungary - much bigger loss) to the Austrians. This is said to be the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire. After this they do not gain any large piece of land. They also lose the jitzah that the people in Hungary paid. The decline goes on for two full centuries. At the end of WWII the Ottoman Empire breaks up into modern day Hungary as well as many other countries.
war of Spanish succession
1701-1713 between france and England, Holland, HRE about who would become King of Spain after Charles (retard) left no heir. Spain is split
petition of rights
17th century, king charles of England. statement sent by british parliament to king. 3 sections. 1.no taxation w/out representation 2.no one put in jail unless just cause is shown. 3. kings can't put soldeirs & sailors in peoples homes if they don't consent. -limited power of the kings
the glorious revolution
A bloodless English revolution. Catholic James II was destined to be on the throne and threaten protestant succession. Parliament puts william and mary on throne. William's army met james' army and james' army turns on him.
absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
palace of versailles
A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavish gardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well. king louis used it to distract nobles to take away their power
junkers
A member of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. used to enforce law passed by the king of Prussia
mannerism
A style of later Renaissance art that emphasized "artifice," often involving contrived imagery not derived directly from nature. Such artworks showed a self-conscious stylization involving complexity, caprice, fantasy, and polish. Mannerist architecture tended to flout the classical rules of order, stability, and symmetry, sometimes to the point of parody.
westernization
Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
cardinal richelieu
Adviser to Louis XIII. He encouraged the king to adopt absolutist policies. Laid the foundations for the political acendancy of the French monarchy.
stuart dynasty
After Queen Elizabeth Tudor's death in 1603, the Stuart Line of rulers came. Started with James I, King of Scotland. (Cousin of Elizabeth.) Then came Charles I, his son. Charles II. Then James II. Then William of Orange.
baroque art
Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM.
great northern war
Broke out as Peter attacked Sweden(with assistance from Poland and Denmark) in his quest to establish a Russian trading port on the Baltic. After being routed initially, Peter re-organized his army on the western model and eventually gained Estonia, Livonia, and Karella on the Baltic. War is decided with the Battle of Poltava, but ends with the Peace of Mystadt in 1721.
st. petersburg
Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden
intendants
Created by Napoleon-kept watch over their own area of France -allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems. Two main functions: enforce royal orders and weaken the power of the regional nobility.
dutch realism
Dutch artists were neither classical nor Baroque, they were interested in the realistic portrayal of secular everyday life.
franco-swedish phase
Final phase of the Thirty Years War. Point where religious issues lost their significance. Catholic French supported Protestant Swedes.
Leopold i of Austria
Focused on securing his own Habsburg lands rather than creating an absolute monarchy or getting new land; fought the Ottoman Turks; Siege of Vienna; by his death the Habsburg state had become one of the most powerful in Europe
devine right monarchy
God put the ruler on the throne; Louis 14th
William and mary
King and Queen of England from 1689 to 1702. They were placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs.
hohenzollern dynasty
Powerful German Family of Northern Germany situated in Prussia. Will become rivals of the Hapsburgs for supremacy in central Europe. Ruled Brandenburg since 1417; acquired the duchy of Cleves, as well the countries that border Brandenburg. East Prussia lay inside Poland and outside the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; Frederick William establishes these areas into a modern style. This dynasty did not possess a crown.
boyars
Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts
the roundheads
Supporters of Parliament and puritans in the south and east of England
the cavaliers
soldiers loyal to King Charles - were mainly land owners from the North and West in England. Many of them were part of the king's cavalry (his horsemen).
natural rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
james i of England
thought that he was he had the divine right to rule and claimed that the main function of Parliament was simply to give the king advice