Chapter 15 ( Bone health and body defense systems)

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

Bone health is easily determined by a measurement of blood calcium level.

false

Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of calcium per serving? A. 1 cup of yogurt B. 2 oz. cheddar cheese C. 3 oz. canned salmon with bones D. 1 cup cooked spinach

A. 1 cup of yogurt

Healthy, light-skinned individuals can make sufficient vitamin D to meet the body's needs with about ________ of sun exposure on their face, arms, and hands 2 or 3 times per week. A. 15 minutes B. 60 minutes C. 90 minutes D. 120 minutes

A. 15 minutes

Which group of foods provides substantial amounts of vitamin C? A. Citrus fruits and vegetables B. Milk and dairy products C. Beef, poultry, seafood D. Breads and cereals

A. Citrus fruits and vegetables

24. Some scientists believe that vitamin D recommendation should be much higher than currently set. A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following is associated with selenium deficiency? A. Wilson's disease B. Keshan disease C. Grave's disease D. Lou Gehrig's disease

B. Keshan disease

Which of the following population groups has the highest rate of calcium absorption? A. Postmenopausal women B. Pregnant women C. Premenopausal women (not pregnant or lactating) D. Athletes in training

B. Pregnant women

The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in ________. A. Beta Carotene International Units (BCIU) B. Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) C. Alpha-Tocopherol Equivalents (ATE) D. None of these answers are correct

B. Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)

Risk factors for osteoporosis include ________. A. overweight and obesity B. amenorrhea C. African-American race D. high levels of physical activity

B. amenorrhea

A primary function of vitamin E is to serve as ________. A. a coenzyme B. an antioxidant C. a hormone D. a peroxide

B. an antioxidant

Of the following, the best source of provitamin A is ________. A. fried liver B. baked sweet potato C. fresh bananas D. soybeans

B. baked sweet potato

Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of ________. A. cholesterol B. calcium C. prothrombin D. potassium

B. calcium

Excess intake of vitamin D ________. A. is readily excreted B. can cause hypercalcemia C. can cause rickets D. can cause osteomalacia

B. can cause hypercalcemia

In the intestinal cells, ________. A. vitamin A, as retinal, is converted to beta-carotene B. carotenes are split by an intestinal enzyme to form vitamin A C. excess vitamin A is carried to the kidney for excretion D. All of these choices are correct

B. carotenes are split by an intestinal enzyme to form vitamin A

The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment ________. A. lycopene B. chlorophyll C. beta-carotene D. alpha-carotene

B. chlorophyll

Factors such as heat, iron, copper, and oxygen ________. A. enhance the stability of vitamin C in foods B. destroy vitamin C in foods C. have no effect on vitamin C D. convert vitamin C from its inactive to active form

B. destroy vitamin C in foods

Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because ________. A. it is available in fresh orange juice B. exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D C. it can be destroyed by exposure to sunlight D. it is the yellow-orange color of the sun

B. exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D

The 250 mg of calcium found in a cup of spinach ________. A. is the only source of calcium for a vegan B. has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to oxalic acid C. is poorly absorbed unless the spinach is cooked D. has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to phytic acid

B. has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to oxalic acid

Children eating large amounts of carrots can develop ________. A. hyperactivity B. hypercarotenemia C. hyperglycemia D. vitamin A toxicity

B. hypercarotenemia

Excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development can cause ________. A. glucose intolerance B. mottling of the teeth C. dermatitis D. bleeding of the gums

B. mottling of the teeth

Ingestion of vitamin C during meals can modestly improve absorption of ________. A. beta-carotene B. nonheme iron C. vitamin B-12 D. folate

B. nonheme iron

Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone. The resulting disease is called ________. A. osteoporosis B. osteomalacia C. osteoarthritis D. osteopenia

B. osteomalacia

Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called ________. A. osteoporosis B. osteomalacia C. rickets D. hypocalcemia

B. osteomalacia

The richest dietary sources of magnesium are ________. A. animal products, e.g., beef and milk B. plant products, e.g., green vegetables, beans, whole grains C. fats and oils D. bottled waters

B. plant products, e.g., green vegetables, beans, whole grains

The role of hydroxyfluorapatite is to ________. A. enhance insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes B. prevent dental caries C. improve the rate of growth in children D. prevent the development of anemia

B. prevent dental caries

The mineral that partly "spares" the antioxidant vitamin E is ________. A. copper B. selenium C. chromium D. iodide

B. selenium

A derivative of vitamin A, 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane), is used to ________. A. prevent xerophthalmia B. treat serious cases of acne C. treat hypercarotenemia D. prevent skin cancer

B. treat serious cases of acne

Formation and maintenance of collagen requires ________. A. thiamin B. vitamin C C. riboflavin D. folate

B. vitamin C

The RDA for vitamin C is increased by ________ mg/day for smokers. A. 10 B. 60 C. 35 D. 1000

C. 35

The RDA for adults for phosphorus is ________. A. the same as calcium B. twice the amount of calcium C. 700 mg/d D. 200 mg/d

C. 700 mg/d

Which meal contains the highest amount of vitamin C? A. Hamburger sandwich, french fries, and cola B. Meat loaf, mashed potatoes and gravy, and diet cola C. Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries D. Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and coffee

C. Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is vitamin ________. A. E B. K C. D D. A

C. D

________ replacement after menopause greatly reduces bone loss in women. A. Calcium B. Calcitriol C. Estrogen D. Calcitonin

C. Estrogen

Magnesium deficiency is most often caused by ________. A. excessive intakes of sodium and potassium B. low dietary intake of magnesium C. GI disorders that cause prolonged diarrhea or vomiting D. osteopenia or osteoporosis

C. GI disorders that cause prolonged diarrhea or vomiting

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin D? A. Maintaining phosphorus homeostasis B. Regulating cell cycle activity C. Promoting antioxidant activity D. Increasing immunity against infections

C. Promoting antioxidant activity

The primary function of vitamin C in cellular metabolism is to ________. A. synthesize collagen B. add hydroxyl groups to the amino acid proline C. act as nonspecific reducing agent (electron donor) D. maintain iron in its reduced form in the formation of collagen

C. act as nonspecific reducing agent (electron donor)

The two life stage groups with the highest RDAs for calcium are _________ and _________. A. children; adolescents B. infants; children C. adolescents; adults over age 50 D. infants; adolescents

C. adolescents; adults over age 50

Individuals advised to consume calcium supplements should consume ________. A. about 2,000 mg in a single dose each day B. only calcium citrate as other calcium salts are poorly absorbed C. an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal D. the calcium supplement at the same time as other mineral supplements

C. an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal

Of the following population groups, those at lowest risk for vitamin E deficiency are ________. A. premature infants B. the elderly C. athletes D. smokers

C. athletes

Over half of the body's magnesium is found in the ________. A. heart B. liver C. bones D. brain

C. bones

The most likely cause of a vitamin A toxicity would be ________. A. consuming large amounts of dark green and yellow vegetables B. eating sautéed liver and onions twice a week C. consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements D. drinking carrot juice twice a day

C. consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements

Good food sources of phosphorus include ________. A. fruits and vegetables B. nuts and oils C. dairy products, meats, and cereals D. dairy products and leafy green vegetables

C. dairy products, meats, and cereals

At intakes of supplemental vitamin C greater than 2 g/day, adverse effects, including _________, may occur. A. blood in the urine and muscle weakness B. masking of a vitamin B-12 deficiency C. gastrointestinal bloating and diarrhea D. All of these choices are accurate

C. gastrointestinal bloating and diarrhea

The bones most likely to be affected by the disease osteoporosis include the ________. A. ankle, shoulder, and neck B. hip, thigh, and ankle C. hip, wrist, and vertebrae in the spine D. wrist, forearm, and neck E. All of these are correct as all bones are affected equally by osteoporosis

C. hip, wrist, and vertebrae in the spine

Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by the ________. A. inability to produce insulin B. failure to form blood clots C. inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity D. production of excessive amounts of collagen

C. inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity

itamin A toxicity is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. birth defects B. permanent damage to the liver C. kidney disease D. death

C. kidney disease

Vitamin E is carried to the liver and other tissues by ________. A. albumin B. hemoglobin C. lipoproteins D. retinol-binding proteins

C. lipoproteins

As calcium levels in the blood drop below normal, ____________ is released to increase the synthesis of calcitriol. A. calcitonin B. thyroid hormone C. parathyroid hormone D. secretin

C. parathyroid hormone

The first symptom of scurvy is ________. A. iron-deficiency anemia B. sudden hair loss C. pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles D. nerve degeneration

C. pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles

At the end of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae, and inside the flat bones of the pelvis, is a spongy type of bone known as ________. A. osteoclastic bone B. osteoblastic bone C. trabecular bone D. compact bone

C. trabecular bone

The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are ________. A. refined grains and cereal products B. orange-colored fruits C. vegetable oils D. animal fats

C. vegetable oils

The maintenance of mucus-forming cells depends on adequate amounts of ________. A. vitamin D B. vitamin C C. vitamin A D. vitamin K

C. vitamin A

Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia? A. vitamin A B. vitamin D C. vitamin E D. vitamin K

C. vitamin E

Individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. elderly adults living in nursing homes B. dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity C. young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils D. individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption

C. young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils

Which factor(s) limits absorption of dietary calcium? A. Phytic acid B. Chronic diarrhea C. Tannins in tea D. Vitamin D deficiency E. All of these choices are accurate

E. All of these choices are accurate

A compound composed of calcium and phosphate that is deposited into the bone protein matrix to give it strength and rigidity

Hydroxyapatite

The bone-building cells that produce collagen and add minerals

Osteoblast

The surface bone cells that dissolve bone, releasing calcium and phosphorus to the bloodstream

Osteoclast

Biochemically active bone cells that are the most numerous and that increase in number when bone becomes more dense

Osteocyte

The RDA for vitamin E was established to prevent hemolysis of red blood cell membranes

true

Vitamin A deficiency can result in development of xerophthalmia in membranes of the eye.

true

Vitamin D must be hydroxylated in the liver and kidney to become biologically active.

true

Rhodopsin, the visual pigment in the retina of the eye, is regenerated when opsin combines with ________. A. retinoic acid B. 11-cis retinal C. 13-cis-retinol D. beta-carotene

B. 11-cis retinal

Retinoids play a role in embryonic development and cell differentiation

true

The outer dense shell of bone that makes up most skeletal mass

cortical bone

Carotenoid supplementation has been effective in decreasing the risk of lung cancer in smokers

false

Large doses of vitamin C in supplement form are known to prevent, cure, or diminish the symptoms of the common cold

false

The RDA for vitamin C is 60 mg/day or 4 ounces of orange juice a day.

false

The more dense a bone is, the more brittle it will be.

false

Mucus-forming cells in the body deteriorate and can no longer produce mucus when there is a deficiency of ________. A. vitamin D B. beta-carotene C. vitamin K D. vitamin A

D. vitamin A

Phosphorus absorption is promoted by the hormone ________. A. calcitonin B. 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D C. cholecalciferol D. aldosterone

B. 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D

In addition to its role in bone development and maintenance, calcium is also required for ________. A. blood clotting, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contraction B. regulating potassium excretion, normal kidney function, and regulating intracellular water content C. phospholipid synthesis, muscle contraction, and formation of DNA and RNA D. blood clotting, magnesium absorption, and insulin release from the pancreas

A. blood clotting, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

The main active form of vitamin D in the body is ________. A. calcitriol B. retinal C. cholecalciferol D. calcitonin

A. calcitriol

A potential danger of using oral Accutane for acne is that it ________. A. can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects B. can cause blindness if used for over a year C. may lead to atherosclerosis D. can lead to osteomalacia

A. can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects

n North America, population groups at increased risk of vitamin A deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. college-aged diabetics B. alcoholics with liver disease C. those with GI diseases that prevent fat absorption D. low birth weight, premature infants

A. college-aged diabetics

Physiological changes associated with scurvy (hemorrhages, joint pain, fractures) are caused by ________. A. defective collagen synthesis B. inadequate production of the hormone thyroxine C. failure to synthesize neurotransmitters D. impaired function of the citric acid cycle

A. defective collagen synthesis

Of the following, the best source of preformed vitamin A is ________. A. fried liver B. sautéed spinach C. fresh mango D. cheddar cheese

A. fried liver

Which of the following enzymes contains selenium? A. glutathione peroxidase B. superoxide dismutase C. lysyl oxidase D. pancrease

A. glutathione peroxidase

A high intake of vitamin E can ________. A. interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity B. result in lead poisoning C. inhibit copper absorption D. cause atherosclerosis

A. interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity

High amounts of _____, especially from supplements, can cause diarrhea. A. magnesium B. sodium C. calcium D. potassium

A. magnesium

The amino acids _______ and ________ are hydroxylated with the aid of vitamin C to form strong connective tissue. A. proline; lysine B. glutamic acid; alanine C. threonine; methionine D. methionine; homocysteine

A. proline; lysine

Beta-carotene is also called ________. A. provitamin A B. retinal or retinol C. calcitriol D. rhodopsin

A. provitamin A

The fluoridation of public drinking water is ________. A. responsible for a 40% to 60% reduction in dental caries in children B. an effective means of providing dietary selenium C. not as effective as fluoridated toothpaste D. mandatory in all states in the U.S

A. responsible for a 40% to 60% reduction in dental caries in children

In children, bowed legs, an enlarged head, rib cage, and knee joints, and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of ________. A. rickets B. xerophthalmia C. osteopenia D. None of these are correct

A. rickets

Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid are all forms of ________. A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. vitamin D D. vitamin E

A. vitamin A

What vitamin would most likely lead to death in both deficient and toxic levels? A. vitamin A B. vitamin C C. vitamin E D. vitamin B-12

A. vitamin A

Scurvy is due to a deficiency of ________. A. vitamin C B. thiamin C. folate D. vitamin B-12

A. vitamin C

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to development of a condition called ________. A. xerophthalmia B. osteomalacia C. jaundice D. scurvy

A. xerophthalmia

Fluoridated water typically contains about ________. A. 1.0 mg/8 ounces B. 0.2 mg/8 ounces C. 20 mg/8 ounces D. 0.5 mg/8 ounces

B. 0.2 mg/8 ounces

Vitamin E is a family of compounds comprised of the ________. A. 4 tocopherols B. 4 tocotrienols C. 4 triglycerides D. 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols

D. 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols

Assuming that milk is the only source of dietary calcium, how much milk must an adolescent drink every day to meet the RDA for calcium? A. 2 cups B. 3 cups C. 4 cups D. 5 cups

D. 5 cups

Parathyroid hormone elevates blood calcium levels by ________. A.increasing the synthesis of 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D B. reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys C. increasing bone resorption by osteoclast activity D. All of the choices are accurate

D. All of the choices are accurate

Absorption of dietary calcium in the duodenum is aided by ________. A. consumption of lactose B. acidic environment C. 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D D. All of these choices are accurate