Chapter 15: Cancer: Prevention and Detection
Which immune response cells produce antibodies that are often detectable in a cancer patient's serum and saliva? B cells T cells Macrophages Natural killer cells
B cells
The nurse is conducting a community seminar regarding cancer prevention and detection. Which diagnostic tool should the nurse include as one that decreases cancer mortality rate through early detection? Colonoscopy Polyp excision Fecal occult blood test Culture and sensitivity test
Colonoscopy
The nurse is educating a patient about nutritional methods to decrease the risk of cancer. Which foods should the nurse advise the patient to avoid to decrease the risk of cancer? Select all that apply. Fresh fruit Vegetables Smoked ham Salt-cured meat Poached egg whites
Smoked ham Salt-cured meat
While assessing a patient with breast cancer, the nurse finds that the patient has tender vertebrae and intense back pain, which gets worse when the Valsalva maneuver is applied. Which complication does the nurse expect in the patient? Third space syndrome Tumor lysis syndrome Spinal cord compression Superior vena cava syndrome
Spinal cord compression
A patient has an increased risk for liver cancer. What tumor suppressor gene mutation does the nurse observe the patient has? APC gene p53 gene BRCA1 and BRCA2 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
p53 gene
The nurse is conducting a teaching session for a patient who will have a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy to determine the presence of cancer cells. Which is the most appropriate statement by the nurse? "A core piece of tissue is removed and preserved for analysis." "You will have a surgical procedure to remove the entire lesion." "You will have a partial excision of the lesion using a dermal punch." "A small-gauge needle is used to remove cells for cytologic examination."
"A small-gauge needle is used to remove cells for cytologic examination."
The family of an African American patient with a recent diagnosis of late-stage cancer is asking the nurse whether cancer is related to their race. Which response by the nurse correctly reflects the cancer incidence in relation to racial disparities? "Sadly, racial disparities related to cancer death rates are increasing." "Cancer rates for African American women are much higher than those for white women." "African Americans are generally at a later stage of cancer when they receive a diagnosis." "The rates of cancer for African American men is high, but cancer rates are much higher for Native American men."
"African Americans are generally at a later stage of cancer when they receive a diagnosis."
Which question should the nurse include in the health history interview to determine if a patient is at risk for cancer due to a chemical carcinogen? "What foods are in your diet?" "Have you received the hepatitis B vaccination?" "Are you exposed to benzene through your occupation?" "Do you use sunscreen when exposed to sunlight for large periods of time?
"Are you exposed to benzene through your occupation?"
The nurse is providing care to a patient with a family history of breast cancer. Which assessment question to determine the patient's genetic risk is most appropriate? Do you conduct self-breast examinations?" "Do you know your breast cancer gene (BRAC) status?" "Have you ever had a suspicious mammogram of your breast?" "Have you ever noted dimpling when conducting a breast exam?"
"Do you know your breast cancer gene (BRAC) status?"
Which question should the nurse include in the health history interview to determine if a patient is at risk for cancer due to an exposure to radiation, a carcinogen? "What foods are in your diet?" "Have you received the hepatitis B vaccination?" "Are you exposed to benzene through your occupation?" "Do you use sunscreen when exposed to sunlight for large periods of time?"
"Do you use sunscreen when exposed to sunlight for large periods of time?"
The nurse is preparing a patient for diagnostic testing for a suspected malignancy. What is the most appropriate statement by the nurse? "Everyone feels this way." "Let's discuss this more later." "There is probably nothing wrong." "Here is information about the biopsy."
"Here is information about the biopsy."
Which patient statement indicates the need for further education regarding cancer prevention after a teaching session with the outpatient clinic nurse? "I will reduce stressors in my life." "I will eat a diet that is low in preservatives." "I will get at least six hours of sleep each night." "I will exercise for 20 minutes three days a week."
"I will exercise for 20 minutes three days a week."
Which patient statement would cause the nurse to include cancer prevention strategies within that patient's plan of care? "I walk 3 miles at least five days a week." "My diet primarily consists of fast food." "I don't drink alcohol because alcoholism runs in my family." "My parents smoked for years, but they quit when I was in high school."
"My diet primarily consists of fast food."
A patient with cancer has an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein level. What does the nurse determine is the reason why this level may be elevated? "The protein may be newly formed due to altered expression of protooncogenes." "This protein may normally get elevated and should not be associated with cancer." "The protein may be newly formed due to altered expression of a tumor-inducing gene." "The protein may be newly formed due to altered expression of a tumor-inhibiting gene."
"The protein may be newly formed due to altered expression of protooncogenes."
The registered nurse is teaching a student nurse about cancer cell proliferation. Which statement given by the student nurse indicates a need for further teaching? "The cancer cells respond differently to the intracellular signals." "The rate of proliferation of cancer cells is the same as normal cells." "The rate of proliferation of cancer cells is more rapid than normal cells." "There is an indiscriminate and continuous proliferation of cancer cells."
"The rate of proliferation of cancer cells is more rapid than normal cells."
The nurse is assisting a patient with stage IV lung cancer who is upset. Which statement by the nurse would help this patient cope with the diagnosis? "Lung cancers are easily treatable." "Anyone diagnosed with cancer feels the way you do." "Let's discuss this when you have your family with you." "This must be very difficult for you. Let me know if I can be of any help."
"This must be very difficult for you. Let me know if I can be of any help."
The community nurse is teaching preventive cancer measures to a group of people. Which statements indicate effective learning by the participants? Select all that apply. "We should sleep for at least four to five hours." "We should avoid smoked and salt-cured meats." "We should exercise for about 30 minutes in a week." "We should add whole grains and fiber foods in our diet." "We should be familiar with our family history regarding health."
"We should avoid smoked and salt-cured meats." "We should add whole grains and fiber foods in our diet." "We should be familiar with our family history regarding health."
Which statement by the nurse is appropriate when conducting a teaching session for a patient who will have an excisional biopsy to determine the presence of cancer cells? "A core piece of tissue is removed and preserved for analysis." "You will have a surgical procedure to remove the entire lesion." "You will have a partial excision of the lesion using a dermal punch." "A small-gauge needle is used to remove cells for cytologic examination."
"You will have a surgical procedure to remove the entire lesion."
The primary health care provider prescribes cyclophosphamide to a patient with multiple myeloma. Which complication should the nurse monitor the patient for that can be suspected in this patient? Kaposi sarcoma Burkitt's lymphoma Squamous cell carcinomas Acute myelogenous leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Which diagnostic tool should the nurse include in the plan of care when determining the needs of a patient who is suspected of having leukemia? BRAC studies Liver function testing Bone marrow aspiration Estrogen and progesterone status
Bone marrow aspiration
A patient is suspected of having ovarian cancer. What oncofetal antigen does the nurse anticipate seeing when the laboratory results return? CA-125 CA-15-3 CA-19-9 CA-27-29
CA-125
The diagnostic reports of a patient indicate cancer in the pancreas and gallbladder. Which oncofetal antigen is specific for this type of cancer? Carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125) Carbohydrate antigen-19-9 (CA-19-9) Carbohydrate antigen-15-3 (CA-15-3) Carbohydrate antigen-19-9 (CA-27-9)
Carbohydrate antigen-19-9 (CA-19-9)
A patient is diagnosed with stage IV malignant cancer. What anatomic extent of the disease does the nurse determine is present? Cancer is in situ. Tumor growth is localized. Spread of cancer cells is limited. Cells have undergone metastasis.
Cells have undergone metastasis.
Upon reviewing a patient's gene study reports, the primary health care provider finds that there is mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Which risk could this patient face? Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Colorectal cancer Esophageal Cancer
Colorectal cancer
The nurse is preparing a patient to have a biopsy. What documentation on the surgical permit does the nurse ensure is correct that will improve tissue localization during the procedure? Craniotomy Thoracotomy Sigmoidoscopy Computed tomography
Computed tomography
A patient is awaiting breast biopsy results. The patient's family history includes a sister and mother with breast cancer. The patient has a history of multiple breast biopsies. Which nursing action will most help alleviate this patient's anxiety? Reassure her that everyone feels anxious as they await biopsy results. Redirect questions by encouraging her to listen to music while she waits. Let the patient know it is most likely a benign cyst similar to past biopsies. Correct misconceptions by providing evidence-based answers to questions.
Correct misconceptions by providing evidence-based answers to questions.
A patient has been diagnosed with Burkitt's lymphoma. What does the nurse inform the patient that they most likely have had exposure to? Bacteria Sun exposure Most chemicals Epstein-Barr virus
Epstein-Barr virus
A patient needs surgical removal of the lymph node. Which intervention should the nurse prepare the patient for? Incisional biopsy Excisional biopsy Large-core biopsy Fine needle aspiration
Excisional biopsy
The nurse is educating a patient about the early detection of cancer. What should the nurse recommend to this patient to facilitate detection? Eating a diet high in fiber Maintaining a healthy weight Participating in regular exercise Getting routine health screenings
Getting routine health screenings
The nurse is conducting a teaching session within the community regarding cancer prevention and detection. Which type of cancer should the nurse include based on the highest incidence among both men and women? Lung cancer Thyroid cancer Colorectal cancer Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Lung cancer
The patient and family are upset that the patient is going through procedures to diagnose cancer. What nursing actions should the nurse use first to facilitate their coping with this situation? Select all that apply. Maintain hope Exhibit a caring attitude Plan realistic long-term goals Give them antianxiety medications Be available to listen to fears and concerns Teach them about all the types of cancer that could be diagnosed
Maintain hope Exhibit a caring attitude Be available to listen to fears and concerns
A patient with a cancer diagnosis is undergoing excisional biopsy. Which anatomic specimen may be removed during the procedure? Select all that apply. Nodule Lymph node Entire lesion Core of tissue Cells from mass
Nodule Lymph node Entire lesion
The nurse is developing a program for a population with a high incidence of cancer and determines that the male population would benefit. What form of cancer for males should the nurse focus on? Lung cancer Colon cancer Thyroid cancer Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer
The nurse is caring for a patient awaiting the results of a diagnostic study for cancer. Which nursing intervention can help decrease the patient's anxiety? Provide written information in simple terms to the patient and family. Assure the patient that everyone who may have cancer feels anxious. Explain the purpose of the diagnostic tests using medical terminology. Encourage the patient to wait until after the diagnosis to discuss questions.
Provide written information in simple terms to the patient and family.
Which term is used when cancer cells produce more than two cells at the time of mitosis? Doubling time Pyramid effect Generation time Contact inhibition
Pyramid effect
The nurse reviews the medical record of a patient who had a tumor of the skin that has increased in size to 3 cm. What stage does the nurse determine it could potentially be? T x T 0 T is T 4
T 4
A patient is diagnosed with carcinoma in situ. What tumor classification does the nurse observe on the medication record? T 0 T is T x T 1-4
T is
A patient is in the promotion stage of cancer development. What action can the nurse take to facilitate cancer prevention? Teach the patient to exercise daily Teach the patient promoting factors to avoid Tell the patient to have the cancer surgically removed now Teach the patient which vitamins will improve the immune system
Teach the patient promoting factors to avoid
The diagnostic reports of a patient indicate a benign tumor in the glandular epithelium. What does the nurse document in this patient's medical record? The patient has an adenoma. The patient has a chondroma. The patient has a meningioma. The patient has a rhabdomyoma.
The patient has an adenoma.
A patient's laboratory report indicates excess human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). What does the nurse interpret from this finding? The patient has lung cancer. The patient has colon cancer. The patient has breast cancer. The patient has prostate cancer.
The patient has breast cancer.
The nurse is reviewing the histology report of a patient and finds that the patient has grade IV tumors. Which characteristic feature of tumors would be applicable to this patient with grade IV tumors? Undifferentiated Well differentiated Poorly differentiated Moderately differentiated
Undifferentiated
