chapter 15 essays

A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why

Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion

Compare the structure and function o endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones into the blood to be transported to other organs. Exocrine glands have ducts through which products are released.

Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact

Glucagon and insulin use different cell surface receptors

Explain the pituitary-hypothalamus relationship

Hormones from the anterior pituitary are produced by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases theses hormones into the blood of the portal circulation which connects the blood supply of the hypothalamus by hypothalamic neurons. Those hormones are then sorted in the posterior pituitary until their release is necessary.

It was often rumored that one of our decease presidents (JFK) was suffering from Addison's dieseas (inadequate synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids). Wht symptoms may have led to the diagnosis o this condition

Hypoglycemia a bronzing of the skin, low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels, hypotension, and some dehydration would all have been observed in the patient.

hormonal

In hormonal stimulus endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones known as tropic hormones.

A 25 man was admitted into the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose of 600 mg/dI. On assessment the nurse observed his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face was flushed and his skin was dry. His pH was low. Described the physiological response that is occurring.

In severe cases of diabetes mellitus blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolites rise dramatically. The fatty acid metabolite, collectively called ketones are strong organic acids. When they accumulate faster than they are used or excreted the blood pH drops resulting in keroacidosis and ketones begin to spill into the urine. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH

Explain the two major chemical classifications of hormones.

The amino acid-based molecules include proteins peptides and amines. The steroid hormones include the sex hormones made by gonads and the hormones produced by adrenal cortex.

Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age

The amount I growth hormone secreted declines with age and the closure of the epiphyseal plates prohibits further growth in length of the bones

effect of menopause.

The decreased production of estrogen and other female hormones results in the inability to bear children arteriosclerosis osteoporosis decreased skin elasticity and sympathetic nervous system changes. These changes in the sympathetic nervous system bring about what are commonly called hot flashes. Other symptoms include fatigue nervousness and mood changes.

John is a 26-year old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet hands cranium nose and lower jaw bone his doctor recommends irradiation of the pituitary gland. What is the most likely diagnosis. Why.

The diagnosis is acromegaly. The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland pastpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bone has fused

Mrs Jane appeared at the clinic complaining of extream nervousness and sweating saying that she could feel ad hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night. Laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and increased basal metabolic rate. Although she also proved to have high blood pressure tests of thyroid function were normal. What is your diagnosis. What treatment should be used

The diagnosis is hupersecretion of catecholamines sometimes arising from a rate chromaffin cell tumor called a pheochromocytoma. Treatment is removal of the tumor and/or irradiation of the adrenal medulla

Due to a recent head injury a client is told hat his pituitary is hupersecreting prolactin. Is there need for concern about this young man

Yes there should be great concern because hupersecretion of prolactin will lead to impotence

type 2 diabetes

in most cases develops in adulthood. These individuals produce insulin but for some reason their insulin receptors are unable to respond to it a situation called insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetics are treated with special diets or oral hypoglycemic medications that prod the sluggish beta cells of the islets into action and increase the sensitivity of the target tissues to insulin

humoral

in which changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release.

neural

in which nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

Type 1 diabetes

to regulate blood glucose levels in the more severe (juvenile, or brittle) diabetic, insulin is infused continuously by an insulin pump worn externally or a regimen of carefully planned insulin injections is administered throughout the day

What is the most important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Cushing's syndrome

Because of enhanced anti-inflammatory effects infections may become overwhelmingly severe. Therefore the nurse should protect he client from infection

Explain the negative feedback interaction between calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

Calcitonin released by the thyroid gland decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into the bones. Parathyroid hormone released by the parathyroids in response to low blood calcium levels stimulates bone destruction by osteoclasts causing release of calcium into the blood. PTH is therefore a hypercalcemic or mine whereas calcitonin is a hypocalcemic hormone. PTH is the most important regulator of Alcuin ion homeostasis of the blood.

The parents of a 17 boy are concerned because he is only 5 ft tall and they are both close to 6ft tall. After tests by their doctor, certain hormones are prescribed for the boy. What is the probable diagnosis and what hormones were prescribed. Why might the child still except to reach his growth potential.

The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone. The prescription is commercial pituitary growth hormone. The reason the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have not yet closed allowing additional growth of the Long bones.

A woman trying to loose weight buys diet pills off the shelf. She takes them as recommended and notes a quick weight loss. What could cause this sudden weight loss? (The label on the diet pills lists a chemical known to be a strong diuretic)

The diuretic may have antagonized the effect of ADH inhibited Na+ reabsorption, or increased GFR causing water to be flushed from the body. The weight loss was simply water loss

Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction.

The first step is hormone-receptor binding to target cells but interaction depends on blood levels of the hormone, relative number of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells, and the strength of the union between the hormone and the receptor

List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.

The four mechanisms are 1the renin-angiotensin mechanism, 2plasma concentration of sodium an potassium ions, 3control exerted by ACTH, and 4plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide

Give an example of synergism in hormones

The liver will release glucose in the presence of glucagon or epinephrine. If both hormones are present the amount of glucose released is increased 150%

Describe the three types of stimuli that activate the endocrine glands.

The most common stimulus is hormonal. Another type of stimulus is humoral The third type of stimulus is neural

Explain the causes of the onset of menopause

The onset of menopause commonly called change of life is brought about by decline and atrophy of the ovaries.

Mr Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests an X rays reveal kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance. Further questioning reveals a medical history of abnormal reflexes and weakness. What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended.

The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. The treatment is removal of the tumor.

Explain how antiduuretics hormone can help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extra cellular fluid

The release of antiduuretics hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentration by causing reabsorption of water by the kidney. With reabsorption blood water volume increases decreasing solute concentration