Chapter 15 euro
How and why did the religious conflict change in the second half of the 16th century?
Calvinism, more political, about taking power from church, not morally based as much anymore, more big picture, transition of lutheranism to calvinism, calvinists were more political (theocracy)
What was Spain's (Philip II's) goal in the Netherlands? Discuss and analyze the failures of Spanish policy (Philip II) in the Netherlands. What were the consequences of their failure?
Complete christian unity Netherlands join with England to take on Spain Netherlands become independent Netherlands gain economic power
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
Henry IV, also known by the epithet "Good King Henry", was King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He embraced Catholicism in public, although he was a Huguenot. Eventually, he converted to Catholicism as a symbolic action. He granted the Huguenots religious tolerance with the Edict of Nantes Henry of Navarre, or Henry IV, was the King of France from 1572 to 1610, who rose to power after Catherine de Medici's last son, Henry III, died in a jousting accident. He was arguably the most successful politique and was able to get Catholics and Protestants to live semi-harmoniously in France through the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious freedom to Protestants such as huguenots. Henry IV, in the end, did not help the Protestants much, for his Edict was revoked soon after his reign ended. However, he was one of the first great politiques, setting the stage for Elizabeth I.
What led to the establishment of the Anglican Church in England? Why did Mary I fail? What was Elizabeth I's settlement, and why was it difficult to impose on England?
Henry VIII wanted a divorce and couldn't get it from the Catholic Church Mary I failed because Elizabeth I wanted to bring back Protestantism to England Calvinist Puritans and Philip II challenged her Elizabeth rejected Calvinist presbyterianism
Politiques-
In the midst of religious strife, these rulers stressed: political unity, compromise and toleration or indifference in religious matters rulers who values their nation's prosperity over religious gain. They first made major appearances in the Wars of Religion with Catherine de Medici, and prospered through the 16th and 17th centuries in, namely, France, England, and the Netherlands. Their reign showed an emersion of unity between religions through diplomacy.
Elizabeth I
Most succesful Politique who placed political necessities above her personal beliefs and strove to find a middle course that moderate Catholics and Protestants could accept. She restored the Church of England. Elizabeth was the successor of Mary I as the Queen of England (1558). Her rule was amazing because she prevented religious differences from tearing England. (Most successful Politique) She reversed Mary's course through the "Elizabethan Settlement" which was a response to the religious divisions created in England over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. Her Act of Supremacy also repealed all Anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and sealed her claim to the throne ← lowkey response to Catholics asking for Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots). Thirty Nine Articles allowed moderate protestantism to be the official religion within the Church of England (btw she rejected Philip II's hand in marriage because she thought it would weaken England)
How did Spain gain a position of dominance in the 16th century? What were Philip II's successes and failures?
Philip II successes were that he was able to wage several wars in the Mediterranean, and he defeated the turks at the Battle of Lepanto. He annexed Portugal and gained access to their empires. Although, he wa forceful leader and he imposed Catholicism on his people and the lands which he had control over. Although a failure of his was the Dutch Revolt. Philip II tried to conquer the Netherlands and impose Catholicism (Spanish Inquisition), although this failed and William of Orange took over and the Dutch created a republic and received aid from England under Elizabeth I.
Describe the events that led to war between England and Spain. What was the outcome and consequences of the Armada?
Philip II was a strong Catholic. He wanted all countries to be Catholic - thus the 1559 Elizabethan Religious Settlement angered him greatly. Then, Elizabeth rejected his marriage offer and we all know how males' masculinities get in the way of things. Spain had colonies in the New World. Some English sailors such as Sir Francis Drake had been robbing Spanish treasure ships from the New World (1570s-80s). Elizabeth encouraged this!Spain was involved in most of the Catholic plots in England during the 1570s and 80s. Philip was willing to stir up trouble for Elizabeth wherever possible, offering money and troops to help.Elizabeth's decision to sign the death warrant of the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 enormously angered Philip. He clearly saw this as terrible.In 1572 Elizabeth secretly help the Dutch rebel against Philip II - she knew a rebellion in the Netherlands would keep Spain occupied and prevent them from threatening England.In 1585 Elizabeth sent an army to help the Dutch who faced defeat by the Spanish. For the first time England and Spain were actually fighting each other. Mary of Scots tried to offer her succession rights to the throne of England to Philip II Elizabeth I had her beheaded Philip sent armada of 130 ships to English Channel England sent blazing fire ships Spanish Armada scattered Half the ships were lost and thousands of sailors were dead Protestants in England rejoiced
Mary I/ "Bloody Mary"
Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon and reestablished the Catholic Church in England that killed many protestants and had about 300 heretics burned at the stake MARY AKA BLOODY MARY WAS THE DONALD TRUMP OF THE 17TH CENTURY Mary I, Mary Tudor, was a Catholic Queen of England (1553-8), who married Philip of Spain - proving how Catholic she was. Persecuted / Executed thousands of Protestants as well as Protestant Leaders in England→ John Hooper. If they were not persecuted they fled to England to Germany, Switzerland. She reversed all of Henry VIII's Anglican Church reforms by bringing Catholic change.
Why was the Thirty Years' War fought? Was politics or religion more important in determining the outcome of the war?
Religious divisions which included the Protestant Union vs the Catholic Union, Political divisions which included the Germans vs the Habsburgs, and international interference which included the France being against the Germans and the Lutheran kings defended protestant beliefs in the HRE. Religion was more important in determining the outcome of the war but it also involved politics. At first, it was mostly because of the feud between Catholics and Protestants. The Peace of Augsburg was just like a bandaid on a cancer tumour. That plus calvinists trying to find recognition just blew everything up. Then it became pretty much just political.... Basically the majority of this war was because of territorial issues. Germany just wanted to break up (be free from it) with the Holy Roman Empire. Switzerland and other areas wanted more land and didn't like the power structure Catholic empires were getting.
What were the main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648?
The Treaty of Westphalia was created to stop the thirty years' war, and the English, Dutch and French gained power while the Spanish and Holy Roman Empire lost power- Calvinists finally recognized. The main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia were that the ruler of the land declared the official religion of the said land. The Calvinists got their legal recognition The independence of the Swiss Confederacy and the United Provinces of teh Netherlands were proclaimed by law. Broadened legal status of Protestantism
Huguenots-
they were Calvinist and by 1560 made up ⅕ of the population French Protestants. The tide of the Reformation reached France early in the sixteenth century and was part of the religious and political fomentation of the times. the Huguenots gained influence and displayed their faith more openly, Roman Catholic hostility to them grew the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became grander, until a flood of hostility finally occurred in 1598.... Guise v Bourbon → tried to get the throne from the Valois Family. The French Religious Wars started with the execution of hundreds of Huguenots. At ST. B Day's Massacre → another massacre of Huguenots
Thirty Years' War
was a complicated series of battles in 4 phases b/t countries with radically opposed political/religious agendas. It was the most important war of the 17th century was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest, most destructive conflicts in European history. Initially a war between Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmenting Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe, becoming less about religion and more a continuation of the France-Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence. The Thirty Years' War saw the devastation of entire regions, with famine and disease significantly decreasing the population of the German and Italian states, the Kingdom of Bohemia, and the Low Countries. The war also bankrupted most of the combatant powers. Both mercenaries and soldiers in armies were expected to fund themselves by looting or extorting tribute, which imposed severe hardships on the inhabitants of occupied territories. The Thirty Years' War ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, part of the wider Peace of Westphalia.
Spanish Armada
1588 Philip II planned invasion of England. Spain's navy destroyed, rise of England as a world naval power. Spain lost many of their ships, while England's were not destroyed- the weather favored England.
Edict of Nantes
1598 created by Henry IV. Granted Huguenots (French Calvinists) freedom and right of worship. April 13, 1598 Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted freedom of religion to the Protestants of France
Treaty of Westphalia
1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Independence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakened the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; England, Dutch and France gained power while Spain and the Holy Roman Empire lost power. The Treaty of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties that "ended" hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire. (1648) Basically reinstated major features of the Peace of Augsburg. Established territories and gave recognition to Calvinists
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange were all politiques. What does the term mean and why does it apply to these three rulers?
A politique means that they are a ruler who stresses political unity, compromise and toleration or indifference in religious matters. Elizabeth I was a politique in that she created the Elizabethan Settlement and tried to find a middle between Catholics and Protestants, and she created the Act of Supremacy which made the king and queen the head of Church of England. Henry IV of France was a well liked Huguenot in which he preached tolerance, and his conversion to Catholicism was more of a symbol to show that it was okay to be both. He created the Edict of nantes which proclaimed and recognized sanctioned Huguenots rights within France and granted them freedom of worship. William of Orange was a politique for he led the protestant northern alliances into military with the Catholic southern provinces which drove out the Spanish.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre-
August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed. There were rumors that Catherine de Medicis life was in danger and there was a plot to overthrow the Guise family- this was an act to show the power of the Catholics and to be fearful of anything Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Protestants occurred August 22, 1572 because of a panicked Catherine de Medici. 20,000 Protestants were killed because of Catherine de Medici's failed assassination of Coligny, the Protestant general. Catherine then convinced her son, Charles IX, to murder thousands of Protestants to put a stop to a "revolt." The massacre lead Protestants to realize the war they were fighting was a war or politics and power, and not a war of religion.
How did politics shape the religious positions of Catherine de Medicis? What events led her to support the Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Charles IX was the son of Catherine de Medici who also had so much power. With support from her, the Catholics were able to kill over 20,000 Huguenots. This was the start of the bloody war between the Huguenots and Catholics for the next 15 years to come.
Edict of Restitution
Emperor Ferdinand created this in which this Edict made Calvinism an outlaw and brought back properties of the Catholic Church
Ferdinand II
Ferdinand II, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary. His rule coincided with the Thirty Years' War. Ferdinand's aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the Empire and suppress Protestantism.
Philip II
Son of Charles V, created the Golden Age of Spain, extremely powerful Catholic ruler of Habsburg lands. Spain waged several wars in the Mediterranean. Defeated the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto, annexed Portugal and gained access to their empires.
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Raised an army for Ferdinand II who defeated the Protestants in Germany.
Gustavus Adolphus
He went to Germany and in order to stop the Spanish from coming into the war offered to subsidize him. Gustavus defeated the army.
Catherine de Medici
She was the leader of France and married Henry II. She was held responsible for starting the wars of religion in France. Catherine de Medici was the regent queen of France from 1547 to 1559. She was a special type of politique who played two major families, of the two major religions, to protect and preserve her power. She sparked major feuding between the Protestants and Catholic of France, causing Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, helping Protestants to the realization that the war they were fighting was about more than religion.
Pacification of Ghent
The Pacification of Ghent, signed on 8 November 1576, was an alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country and promoting a peace treaty with the rebelling provinces Holland and Zeeland.
Puritans-
The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, including, but not limited to, English Calvinists. Puritanism in this sense was founded by John Calvin from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England.